Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science

The Impact of Healthcare Disparities on the Health Outcomes of Black Communities

2025-12-12T08:28:09+00:00

This study examined how perceptions of being taken seriously by health care providers, experiences of discrimination, and cost-related delays in care relate to health care utilization among Black individuals. Using a quantitative correlational design, participants completed survey measures assessing perceived provider regard (“taken seriously”), frequency of medical visits, discrimination in health care settings, and whether they delayed or avoided care due to cost. Correlational analyses showed several significant associations. Individuals who felt taken seriously were less likely to visit the doctor frequently, r(31) = –.55, p < .01. Delaying or avoiding care due to cost was positively associated with frequency of visits, r(31) = .42, p < .05, suggesting that those who face cost barriers may eventually require more frequent medical attention. Experiences of discrimination were negatively associated with delaying care, r(31) = –.39, p < .05, indicating that those reporting discrimination were less likely to delay visits. A multiple regression predicting doctor visits from perceived seriousness and cost-related delays produced a significant model, F(2, 28) = 9.49, p < .01, R² = .40, showing that together these factors explain 40% of the variability in visit frequency. These results highlight the complex ways cost barriers, provider respect, and discriminatory experiences shape Black individuals’ engagement with the health care system. No external funding supported this research.

Automating Postmortem Interval Estimation with Computational Forensic Tools

2026-02-17T08:05:47+00:00

Postmortem intervals (PMI) are the stages of decomposition that occur after death and help investigators determine the time of death. This project’s goal is to develop a tool that enhances the speed, accuracy, and consistency of PMI estimation for law enforcement and forensic investigators. PMI estimation is one of the most critical and complex parameters in forensic science, as it is highly variable dependent. Current PMI determination techniques rely heavily on human observation of morphological change and are often recorded by untrained personnel in the field. These manual approaches, though based on validated models, are highly susceptible to human error, environmental variation, and time delays. The proposed project addresses these challenges by creating a next-generation PMI estimation system that computationally determines PMI which limits human error. The platform incorporates established Mathematical Models: Encoding traditional and empirically validated PMI formulas (Glaister Equation, Henßge Nomogram, and rigor and livor mortis progression models) to establish baseline computational predictions. Investigators will enter environmental and case-specific data, and the system will generate an estimated postmortem interval. Over time, the system will continue to improve through iterative data collection and model refinement, allowing for more precise estimations across different geographic and climatic conditions. By creating the first integrated computational PMI estimation tool tailored for West Virginia law enforcement, this research has the potential to transform time-of-death analysis, reducing uncertainty, human error, and investigative delays, supporting more efficient and accurate forensic investigations. Preliminary results of this system provide a user-friendly software with explanatory PMI estimation results.

Neurodegeneration in traumatic brain injury is attenuated by the MitoNEET ligand TT01001

2026-02-24T09:57:11+00:00

The outer mitochondrial membrane protein CISD1 (mitoNEET) has emerged as a critical regulator of mitochondrial redox homeostasis and ferroptosis and is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and ischemic stroke. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a novel, previously untested CISD1 modulator (TT01001), to reduce ferroptosis-associated markers and attenuate microglial activation in a rat model. We used a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in aged female Sprague-Dawley rats (16-18 months old). We used immunohistological staining techniques to analyze the damaged and sham tissue samples for ferroptosis-associated markers and microglial response. These findings support the therapeutic potential of CISD1-targeted modulation to mitigate ferroptosis and secondary injury cascades following TBI in the aging brain. Our data establish TT01001 as a promising lead compound for age-adapted therapeutic strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction after TBI. This research is supported by NIH Grants P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence and RO1 NS19998 to WJG and JDH.

A Lunar Regolith-Integrated Geodesic Kinetic Habitat

2026-02-26T08:11:17+00:00

This study introduces a dual-component kinetic habitat concept intended for sustainable and permanent human habitation within lunar lava tunnels. The objective is to design a radiation-resilient, structurally robust alternative to currently deployed inflatable habitat systems, which remain vulnerable to micrometeoroid puncture and high-velocity regolith particulates. This project proposes utilizing naturally occurring lunar lava tubes as a protective subsurface environment capable of supporting long-duration settlement and mitigating radiation exposure. This proposed system consists of a geodesic dome cap fabricated from regolith-based composite materials on-site to provide geometric load distribution, structural redundancy, and radiation attenuation. Beneath this dome cap, a compliant elastomeric membrane conforms to irregular lava tube geometries, forming a sealed and adaptable environmental interface. Current methodology includes a robust literature review of aerospace research, analysis of lunar geological data, and synthesis of architecture and engineering structural principles. Computational modeling frameworks, focused on finite element analysis, geometric optimization, and radiation attenuation estimation, are under development, and quantitative performance metrics remain under investigation. Preliminary findings suggest that integrating a regolith-derived geodesic dome with a conformal adaptive base may provide a more permanent and resilient alternative to inflatable systems in subsurface lunar environments. Definitive structural and shielding performance values are forthcoming as simulation and validation efforts progress. This research was made possible by WV Higher Education Policy Commission, STaR Division.

Cooperation, Temptation, and Escalation in Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma Tournaments

2026-02-27T09:18:24+00:00

This study investigates the emergence, stability, and breakdown of cooperation in repeated

strategic interactions using a series of custom Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD) tournaments.

Building on the foundational work of Robert Axelrod, nine original strategies, including Tit for

Tat, Generous Tit for Tat, Grim Trigger, and Always Cooperate, were evaluated under multiple

rule variations designed to model real world incentives such as compounding rewards, random

errors, early mistrust, and escalating temptation.

Each tournament was implemented as an AI powered computational simulation through

OpenAI’s ChatGPT-5 in a python execution environment, consisting of 200 round round-robin

matches using Axelrod’s classic payoff structure. Under a dynamic reward structure in which

mutual cooperation increased the reward payoff, Always Cooperate achieved the highest

cumulative score (46,398.5), followed closely by forgiving reciprocal strategies. Introducing

execution noise (7.5% random move errors) reduced the performance of strict retaliators, while

Tit for Two Tats ranked first with a total score of 29,856.3. When temptation payoffs increased

beyond a threshold, cooperative strategies still outperformed defect-oriented strategies, though

overall score variance declined. In a final tournament with uniformly increasing payoffs and a

rule forcing defection whenever it yielded a relative advantage, all nine strategies converged to

identical cumulative scores (51,750), demonstrating an arms-race dynamic in which escalation

eliminated strategic differentiation. These results show that cooperation is highly sensitive to

incentive design and that excessive temptation undermines relative advantage. This research was

conducted as part of the 2025Summer Undergraduate Research Experience project at Shepherd

University.

Applying morphometrics to a semi-quantitative measurement approach to identify spinal pathologies in human skeletal remains

2026-03-02T08:57:02+00:00

Back pain is a common complaint in modern clinical populations, but spinal pathology is underreported in paleopathology, where assessment relies on qualitative scoring and semi-quantitative fracture identification ratio. In skeletonized remains, the absence of intervertebral discs prevents direct measurements of spinal curvature and Cobb angle assessment, making it challenging to determine pathology presence. This study aims to evaluate variation in vertebral body shape using quantitative morphometrics to determine whether outliers demonstrate spinal pathology. Nine vertebral landmarks were measured on the vertebral bodies of C3 – L5 of 177 individuals. Measurement reliability was tested using Cohen’s Kappa Coefficient. Intraobserver reliability was high (0.90). Exploratory Principal Component Analyses were run using 95% ellipse and convex hull on each vertebral segment and the full spine. Variability of vertebral segments were driven by PCA1 and PCA2 with cervical variability (48.77; 11.74), thoracic (64.36; 8.47), lumbar (65.6; 9.35), and full spine (37.72; 35.23) with minimal outliers. PCA outliers did not correspond with individuals who had spinal pathology based on semi-quantitative compression fracture ratio calculations. The next steps of this project include running a Procrustes ANOVA and conducting data modeling. This project contributes to a larger investigation aiming to quantify vertebral shape and Cobb angle calculations in paleopathology.

Surveilling hard tick diversity and Spotted Fever Rickettsia Group prevalence in North-Central WV throughout 2023

2026-03-02T09:37:44+00:00

The Spotted Fever Rickettsia Group (SFRG) causes dangerous, albeit rare, infections in West Virginia, with an untreated mortality rate of approximately 25% in the United States. The bacterial causes of SFRG are gram-negative, obligate intracellular Rickettsia species that infect human vascular endothelial cells. They are transmitted primarily during the blood meal of a colonized American Dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) but can also be transmitted by Asian Longhorn (Haemaphysalis longicornis), Lone Star (Amblyomma americanum), and other less frequently detected ticks. The aim of this project is to survey hard tick (Ixodidae) diversity and SFRG incidence rates in collected D. variabilis samples. Tick samples were collected year-round from veterinarian clinic donations and throughout May, June, and July by tick drags conducted across Upshur and Lincoln Counties, WV. Of 563 ticks collected in 2023, Ixodes species were most prevalent (48.8%), followed by Dermacentor (25.6%) and Haemaphysalis (24.9%), and only 0.5% of the collection consisted of Amblyomma specimen. Following identification and photography, ticks were cut in half for cryopreservation at -80^oC and DNA extraction. 145 D. variabilis total-DNA samples were analyzed via quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) for a conserved Rickettsia genus gene (17kDa Outer Membrane Antigen). Preliminary results suggest an infection rate of 5.52%. Ongoing investigation includes confirming positive samples through gel electrophoresis and species-specific sequencing. Overall, these data underscore the importance of understanding the diversity and pathogen colonization rate of West Virginia hard ticks to predict and map vector-borne disease trends.

A Behavioral Study on Kin Selection In False Water Cobras, or Hydrodynastes gigas

2026-03-02T16:10:11+00:00

Recent studies have shown that temperate snake species often exhibit kin selection in novel environments as neonates. This behavior likely occurs because temperate snakes use winter-seasonal dens and brumate, which encourages group living. In contrast, tropical snakes that do not use seasonal dens may be less tolerant of sharing space with others regardless of relationship. To examine this three clutches of neonate False Water Cobras (Hydrodynastes gigas) were placed in sibling and nonsibling pairs and housed together in 10-gallon aquaria for four days per trial. Y-mazes were used to test sibling/nonsibling preference. Individuals were placed at the maze entrance, with a sibling on one side and a non-relative on the other. After 45 minutes of scent marking, both stimulus snakes were removed, and the focal snake was allowed to explore. A generalized linear mixed model with a binomial error structure showed that the likelihood of choosing a sibling was lower than expected. A chi-squared test revealed the snakes preferred solitude over being with any other snake, regardless of relatedness. To assess chemosensory preference, a repeated-measures mixed model was used, which found no significant difference in tongue flicks between siblings and non-siblings, with higher tongue flick rates indicating greater interest in the particular group. A one-sample exact binomial test showed no significant side preference during trials. These findings indicate no evidence of kin selection in captive False Water Cobras, suggesting that, unlike some temperate species, they do not seek the company of kin in novel situations.

Color Vision Conditioning in Cambarus monongalensis

2026-03-05T05:35:33+00:00

Cambarus monongalensis, the blue-bodied burrowing crayfish with orange claw tips, has no supported function of conspicuous coloration, unlike other animals that use their coloration for aposematic warnings or attracting a mate during courtship. Crayfish have two known photoreceptors, which are structures in the eyes that react to light at specific wavelengths, but there are no existing behavioral studies to determine what they can see. This study uses C. monongalensis as a study species to provide behavioral evidence for color vision. 48 individuals were conditioned to associate a colored tube with food. Half were conditioned to blue, and half were conditioned to orange. The crayfish were monitored after the conditioning period to determine if they continued to associate the color by spending more time in the color they were conditioned to. Results thus far indicate that, on average, individuals conditioned to orange showed random selection of tube usage when monitored after conditioning. Meanwhile, individuals conditioned to blue showed a slight but insignificant increase in blue usage. However, individuals show a wide variation of shelter usage patterns that don’t always correlate with their conditioning.

Economies of Distance in Commercial Aviation

2026-03-03T07:35:19+00:00

This study examines the structural drivers, economic implications, and policy feasibility of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in U.S. commercial aviation using large-scale flight-level operational data. Approximately 353,000 domestic commercial jet flights operated during March 2025 were analyzed to evaluate how flight distance influences fuel burn, emissions per mile, and associated operating costs under real-world conditions.

Fuel burn was converted to CO₂ emissions using standardized International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) emission factors and normalized by flight distance to measure emissions intensity. A log–log regression reveals a strong inverse nonlinear relationship between distance and CO₂ emissions per mile, with an estimated elasticity of −0.18 and distance explaining over half of observed variation in emissions efficiency. Short-haul flights exhibit disproportionately high emissions intensity due to fuel-intensive taxi, takeoff, and climb phases, while efficiency gains diminish at longer distances.

Extending the physical analysis into an economic framework, fuel burn and emissions were translated into fuel and carbon costs using representative jet fuel prices and carbon pricing benchmarks. Cost-per-mile patterns closely mirrored emissions intensity, and one-way ANOVA testing confirmed statistically significant differences in fuel, carbon, and total cost per mile across short-, medium-, and long-haul categories.

To assess economic feasibility, a marginal abatement cost (MAC) framework simulated uniform operational fuel-efficiency improvements of 1–5 percent. Under a 1% efficiency improvement, the implied abatement value was approximately $648.78 per metric ton of CO₂ avoided. Because cost savings and emissions reductions scale proportionally with fuel burn, the marginal abatement cost remains stable across flight types under the uniform-efficiency assumption. These results indicate that modest operational efficiency improvements represent a negative-cost abatement opportunity, demonstrating that near-term emissions reductions can be achieved while simultaneously lowering airline operating costs. This research was conducted as part of the 2025 NASA West Virginia Space Grant Consortium at Shepherd University.

Studying Temporal Shifts Related to Land Usage in Invasive versus Native Crayfish of the Potomac

2026-03-03T08:10:22+00:00

BAYLEY ROSEMAN, Master’s of Science in Biology candidate in the Department of Biology, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, 26074. Studying Temporal Shifts Related to Land Usage in Invasive versus Native Crayfish of the Potomac

North America has the highest crayfish diversity in the world. However, native species are under threat from invasive crayfish brought from other waterways. The Potomac River Basin in West Virginia currently has three invasive crayfish: Faxonius virilis, Procambarus cf. zonangulus, and Faxonius rusticus. The invasive species can push out the native crayfish, Cambarus bartonni, Cambarus carinirostris, and Faxonius obscurus.

To catalogue the spread of invasives, this study is revisiting historical study sites in Loughman et al.’s Epigean Crayfish of the Potomac River Basin in West Virginia. By revisiting previous sites and re-conducting the seine hauls and collecting the data regarding Loughman et al., this study will examine the temporal changes in crayfish species presence in streams.

After data collection, this study will also examine land usage in the Potomac basin to see if it affects the spread of invasive species. The exact statistical methods to measure these factors are still under review.

While certain stream features associated with land use, such as temperature, have been shown to affect the spread of Faxonius virilis, the goal is to identify what land use factors hinder the spread of all three invasive crayfish. Ultimately, the hope is that this study will be able to identify land-types and construct buffers that will naturally prevent the spread of invasive crayfish.

Utilizing Morphometrics to Determine Burrowing Type in Fossil Crayfish

2026-03-03T08:18:32+00:00

During the early Mesozoic era approximately 300 MYA, freshwater crayfish diverged from marine lobsters. Roughly 200 MYA, Pangea split into two primary landmasses known as Laurasia in the north, and Gondwana in the southern hemisphere. Crayfish living within these continents, specifically Laurasia, may have migrated across the great landmass before the mid-Jurassic, when Laurasia split into the northern contents we know today. Crayfish who had migrated before the split were likely now separated from their ancestors on the Asian continent and were now in North America. This continental migration may be the cause of similar morphometrics between extant North American species with prehistoric fossil crayfish found in China. In this study we collected morphometrics of 10 extant North American species, covering those that exhibit primary, secondary, and tertiary burrowing behaviors. Twelve different measurements were taken from each specimen with ImageJ. Using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the morphometrics from extant species were compared to fossil Paleocambarus licenti data collected from China. This data will be used to identify what extant species is most morphologically and behaviorally similar to P. licenti.

Behavior biology of Cambarus callainus in response to dam removal

2026-03-03T14:10:03+00:00

The Big Sandy Crayfish (Cambarus callainus) is an endemic species to the Big Sandy River basin in the tripoint of WV, VA, and KY, that is federally listed on the Endangered Species Act. The species’ habitat is heavily impacted by degradation and sedimentation resulting from intensive mining practices. To better understand the life history for the Big Sandy Crayfish, we are investigating movement patterns before, during, and after dam removal of a low-head dam in Clinchco, VA. Previous studies using radio telemetry examined some diverse movement patterns in contiguous bodies of water of the Big Sandy Crayfish and the Guyandotte River Crayfish (Cambarus veteranus). Our research will span over nine months to account for seasonal variability. Sixty individuals will be tracked in two-month increments across the three dam removal phases. This will be the first study to use this approach to examine crayfish movement in a fragmented habitat. Ongoing work focuses on monitoring crayfish movement during and after dam removal using radio telemetry.

Variation in renal cortical thickness and its association with chronic disease in anatomical donors

2026-03-04T04:23:08+00:00

West Virginia has one of the highest rates of kidney disease in the United States, highlighting the need to better understand renal morphology and its relationship to disease. The purpose of this study was to quantify renal cortical thickness and examine its associations with demographic factors and pathological findings. Kidneys from fourteen donors in an anatomical laboratory were analyzed bilaterally. Morphology was documented and external measurements were collected. Additionally, internal, cortical thickness was measured. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate variation in external and internal measurements. One-way ANOVA tested differences in mean cortical thickness among donors, and paired T‑tests compared left and right kidneys within individuals. A binary logistic regression assessed whether cortical thinning predicted medical comorbidities. PCA demonstrated that the first three components accounted for 71.52%, 13.42%, and 10.40% of total variance, respectively, with one outlier outside the 95% confidence interval. Donors differed significantly in cortical thickness (p = 0.012), with donor identity explaining 55% of inter-individual variability (ω² = 0.546). No significant left–right differences were observed (p = 0.37). Kidneys were categorized as “thin” (<4.5 mm) or “not thin,” and associations with diabetes and hypertension were evaluated using odds ratios. Neither diabetes (OR 5.33, 95% CI 0.34–82.8, p = 0.88) nor hypertension (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.098–41.0, p = 0.67) showed significant associations with cortical thinning. These findings demonstrate substantial inter-individual variation in cortical thickness without evidence of laterality effects or significant associations with chronic disease in this sample.

Focusing on Student Thinking to Support Student Learning of the Movement of Matter and Energy Through Photosynthesis using the 5-E Model of Science Instruction

2026-03-06T07:57:54+00:00

This presentation will explore ways to plan and design science instruction that will emphasize students' thinking about the movement of matter and energy through photosynthesis. Participants will be able to examine data from student thinking interviews conducted with two 5th-7th grade students. During the presentation, we will discuss how the productive elements of students' thinking can be leaveraged throughout the 5-E Learning Cycle Unit to support students' meaningful science learning. Attendees will also have an opportunity to consider how they might assess students' learning of this life science disciplinary core idea. Participants will leave with a thoughtful conception of the 5-E model of science instruction and the benefits it has on science teaching and learning.

Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of Old Roman Catholic Burying Ground, Shepherdstown, WV

2026-03-04T11:45:35+00:00

In fall 2024, members of Saint Agnes Catholic Church contacted Shepherd University and requested help in identifying unmarked graves in the Old Roman Catholic Burying Ground; a historic graveyard deeded to Saint Agnes in 1795. The Burying Ground is located on a hill within a karst landscape. The soil within the survey area has a profile consisting of silt loam near the surface and clay common below 60 cm. Boulders are frequent throughout soils in the survey area. The survey was conducted using a Leica DS2000, a dual-antenna GPR system producing frequencies at 250 and 700 MHz. An 8 m by 16 m grid survey was conducted using transect spacing of 25 cm, resulting in 98 swaths. Using a cloud-based processing software, we analyzed both individual swaths and depth slices. There were multiple locations within the survey grid that suggest subsurface anomalies. Roots were clearly identifiable from the surface to ~50 cm, and near surface boulders exist sporadically. An area of strong reflection exists near the eastern edge of the grid starting at ~75 cm depth and may potentially be associated with a burial. Factors complicating the interpretation of GPR data included local soil texture, soil moisture retention, frequency of near-surface outcrops and boulders, and the time elapsed since interment.

Influence of Environmental Factors on Population Density and Growth of an Invasive Earthworm.

2026-03-04T11:59:12+00:00

The eastern United States has seen a great increase in the presence of the invasive pheretimoid earthworm, Amynthas aggrestis. They are seen as a large issue due to their disruption of the environment, such as consuming leaf litter and draining usable nutrients from the soil. These worms are greatly under-researched, including knowledge gaps in their population ecology including population density, structure and even growth. Understanding the population ecology of invasive species is often the first step in designing methods to slow growth and spread or even extirpate these animals. The study took place from May-July 2024 in the West Liberty University campus woods. Amythas have been observed and studied within this area for multiple years prior to this study. During the 2024 field season, Amynthas worm density showed a steady weekly decline, yet could not be attributed to any measured environmental factors (air and soil temperatures, soil moisture, soil pH and precipitation). Linear regression models were used to determine whether changes in these environmental variables could predict the overall density of Amynthas worms in our study area. A single parameter, soil pH, showed a significant negative effect on Amynthas density during sample week 6 (p < 0.01). In addition to counts, worm lengths were also measured in the field. The average rate of change for Amynthas worms for this season was 0.232 cm/week which is lower than rates observed in previous years (0.35 cm/year in 2023).

Utility of the Mitochondrial D-loop to Understand Variation in Prairie Chickens (Tympanuchus)

2026-03-04T12:20:26+00:00

The North American prairie chickens (genus Tympanuchus) consist of three species of galliform bird found within the middle USA and Canada. The mitochondrial d-loop is a non-coding protein section located in the replication region of DNA. This gene has become popular within evolutionary analysis due to its ability to detect highly variable regions within sequences to a base pair difference. Previous studies show lack of major genetic differentiation within Tympanuchus using mitochondrial d-loop. These studies typically contain low sequence counts or are species specific, leaving a gap in research on large scale variation analysis across the genus. We used all publicly available sequences to analyze variation of Tympanuchus on a species and subspecies level. Consistent with past research, no major genetic differentiation among species and subspecies was found despite our large sample size either phylogenetically or through mtDNA haplotypes. One distinct population (T. cupido cupido) was detected, likely due to their geographical isolation to other subspecies. This gene is likely not informative at a species level for Tympanuchus but may have limited utility as a population genetic marker. Understanding single nucleotide divergences provides useful information when conserving declining populations of this genus like T. cupido attwateri.

Fungi captured from indoor air exhibit poor growth at human body temperature

2026-03-04T12:26:34+00:00

Fungal pathogens kill approximately 3.8 million people per year worldwide and infect countless more. However, all these illnesses and deaths are caused by only a few species out of the estimated five million fungal species. There are four main barriers that protect humans from fungal pathogens: our immune system, our almost impenetrable skin, our high internal body temperature, and the inability of many fungi to use the human body as food. Most fungi grow best at temperatures close to room temperature (~25°C/77°F) and are unable to grow at human body temperature of 37°C (98.6°F). It is thought that humans evolved a higher body temperature in part to protect against fungal pathogens. A significant public health concern is that with gradually increasing environmental temperatures, fungi currently unable to grow at human body temperature could adapt to higher growth temperatures and thus overcome one of the four barriers to infection. We investigated the ability of four non-pathogenic fungal strains captured from indoor air to grow at human body temperature. Growth temperatures were increased gradually two degrees per week from 28°C to 38°C, increased suddenly from 28°C to 36°C, or increased suddenly from 28°C to 38°C. Our results showed no significant acquisition of thermal tolerance. All four strains exhibited poor growth at temperatures close to human body temperature in both gradual and sudden temperature changes. Shelby and Sarah were supported by NASA-WVSGC Undergraduate Research Scholarships.

An Overview of Tick and Tick-Borne Disease Research at West Virginia Wesleyan College: 2018-2025

2026-03-04T13:44:51+00:00

Tick and tick-borne disease (TBD) research is an important aspect of public health, yet, little is known about their distribution in North Central West Virginia. Since 2018, our team has collected 2,866 tick samples, with the goal of analyzing species diversity and TBD pathogen prevalence. Using real-time PCR, we have tested DNA from these samples for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of Anaplasmosis. In these past eight years, we have analyzed the DNA from 726 Ixodes scapularis and 126 Dermacentor variabilis ticks. Of the I. scapularis samples, 698 have been tested for B. burgdorferi with 14 (~2%) having shown a positive result. As expected, no D. variabilis samples indicated a positive result for B. burgdorferi, essentially acting as a negative control. In the case of A. phagocytophilum, 160 of the 538 I. scapularis samples tested were shown to obtain the pathogen (~30%) as well as 12 of the 30 tested D. variabilis samples (40%). Interestingly, the detection rate of B. burgdorferi has remained low, despite the significant burden that Lyme borreliosis has had on West Virginia in this time, while the detection of A. phagocytophilum has shown drastically larger rates despite Anaplasmosis’s low case numbers. In West Virginia, Lyme borreliosis receives by far the most attention in regards to tick-borne infections, however, our work indicates that Anaplasmosis may be an additional concern.

Seasonal and sex-based movements of the blue crayfish (Cambarus monongalensis).

2026-03-04T15:57:38+00:00

The Blue Crawfish (Cambarus monongalensis) is a primary burrowing crayfish species native to Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. Due to the species' fossorial nature, there is very limited information regarding the life history of C. monongalensis, as well as a general lack of research on burrowing crayfish. A multiyear survey of the largest recorded colony of C. monongalensis in Pennsylvania examined the impact that sex and seasonal changes had on movement, behavior, and burrowing activity. Across all seasons of sampling, the majority of crayfish collected were Form I males, most likely searching for mating opportunities. Of observed and sampled females, very few were in a reproductive state, and only one individual was found to be ovigerous (egg-carrying). Overall, 703 total individuals were sampled, with 411 males, 289 females, and 3 unable to be sexed. This research suggests that C. monongalensis may have a seasonality within their life history that resembles that of other primary burrowing species. Understanding the seasonality and impacts of sex on the life history of this elusive crayfish is necessary to fully grasp their complex natural history and assist with conservation attempts.

Morphological Differences of the Thyroid Gland in Avian Model of Induced Thyrotoxicosis

2026-03-04T18:14:25+00:00

Thyrotoxicosis is the condition caused by an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (THs), thyroxine and triiodothyronine, in the blood stream, often resulting from hyperthyroidism (i.e. Graves’ disease) or the intake of too much synthetic TH (i.e. levothyroxine-induced hyperthyroidism). One of the known symptoms of hyperthyroidism is an enlarged thyroid, or goiter. However, rather than causing goiter, many cases of thyrotoxicosis without an underlying cause, may shrink the thyroid through negative feedback of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the hormone responsible for thyroid growth. In our avian model of induced thyrotoxicosis, fertilized chicken eggs were injected into the egg’s air cell on embryonic day (E) E11 and E15. Chicken embryos were therefore exposed to either saline (control) or 25ng thyroxine (treatment). Thyroid glands were collected on E19 and then prepped for paraffin embedding. Collected thyroids were smaller in size than predicted, leading to an adjustment of standard sectioning protocols requiring thin sectioning (4 microns). Previous studies in our lab have demonstrated a decrease in TSH with treatment. Therefore, we anticipate that following hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and imaging, measured thyroid follicles will be smaller with thyroxine exposure. These findings will confirm that molecular and morphological observations made using our avian model are due to our treatment, and not to an underlying thyroid condition.

Haemaphysalis longicornis as an invasive tick species in West Virginia

2026-03-05T07:42:11+00:00

Ixodid (Acari:Ixodidae) ticks are found throughout West Virginia and are vectors for many different diseases. The Asian longhorn tick (ALT) is an invasive tick species that has rapidly expanded its range in the United States since its discovery in West Virginia in 2010. This species is capable of reproducing via parthenogenesis, allowing females to reproduce rapidly without a mate. To test our hypothesis that ALT is displacing and competing with native tick species and increasing its geographic range, we compared species population trends using past and current surveillance data collected from multiple sites in North Central West Virginia. Our research examines this tick species' spread both nationally and more specifically in West Virginia, with a focus on Upshur County and surrounding areas. The rapid reproductive abilities and environmental adaptability of ALT are potential contributors to the population's spread. Our research indicates that this tick species is widespread in the North Central WV region, and we believe it will continue to increase its geographic range. In the future, continued monitoring in both the U.S. and West Virginia is critical to assess the impact on public and animal health.

Assessing Muscle Cell Excitability Following Fatiguing Vertical Jump Performance: A Preliminary Analysis

2026-03-05T07:50:49+00:00

Traditional evaluation of the muscle electrical activity (m-wave) includes the analysis of the entire waveform. However, research shows specific physiological meaning within waveform components that may be more relevant to some applications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the activation phase (1^st-phase) of the waveform before and after fatigue.

Four participants had their tibial nerve stimulated to evoke a maximal m-wave response in the medial head of the gastrocnemius at 120% resting intensity while standing. Following baseline, participants performed repeated maximal vertical jumps until fatigue- determined as three consecutive jumps below 80% of maximal vertical jump performance. Immediately after the final jump, M-waves were recorded again. Amplitude, and duration of the whole M-wave versus the 1^st phase only were compared.

Two (amplitude and duration), two-way repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to assess the differences in analysis methods of the m-wave pre and post fatigue. There was no time × method interaction for either amplitude or duration (p= 0.189, η²_p= 0.489 and p= 0.563, η²_p= 0.123) respectively. However, both methods showed a slight increase in both amplitude and a decrease in duration (+0.23mV, -1.6ms) for whole wave vs 1^st phase (+.081mV, -0.4ms)

While this suggests that analysis of the 1^st phase is not more reliable than the whole waveform, it does suggest that the 1^st phase provides valid analysis of muscle cell excitability while reducing the probability of mechanical artifacts in the waveform.

Exploring the mechanisms underlying sleep/wake-dependent control of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission

2026-03-05T08:11:02+00:00

Sleep is highly conserved, suggesting that this behavioral state performs a crucial function. However, our understanding of this function remains incomplete. During sleep and wake, the ratio of synaptic excitation to inhibition (E/I) changes in opposite directions: decreasing during sleep and increasing during wake. This sleep-dependent E/I regulation is altered in mouse models of atypical conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In humans, ASD also commonly presents with sleep disturbances. How sleep and E/I regulation are linked is unknown. Elucidating the underlying mechanism driving a change in E/I is crucial to revealing the underpinnings of how sleep plays a role in neuronal communication. We hypothesize that wake-active neuromodulation increases excitatory synaptic signaling and decreases inhibitory synaptic signaling during wake. Utilizing whole-cell patch clamp, we have investigated the effects of wake-active neuromodulators on the frequency and amplitude of miniature postsynaptic potentials following both sleep-rich and wake-rich periods in mice. This project will characterize how sleep and wake control the E/I ratio, leading to translatable research that uncovers how synaptic activity impacts public health.

How much information is phylogenetically informative: investigations with single and multilocus analyses of garter snake (Thamnophis) taxonomy.

2026-03-05T09:23:49+00:00

Garter snakes (Thamnophis) are a diverse group of North American natricid snakes. Previous studies have used single and multilocus analyses to investigate the relationships between members of this genus. Varying amounts of information used in these analyses have yielded different results, which have been used as evidence for and against speciation, potentially impacting conservation efforts. This study aimed to assess the quantity of genetic information needed to draw conclusions on species and subspecies-level relationships. Publicly available mitochondrial DNA sequences from four mitochondrial genes for each available Thamnophis species and the outgroup, water snakes (Nerodia), were gathered. Sequences were aligned and trimmed to generate maximum likelihood phylogenies with ultrafast bootstrap values for single gene and multiple gene concatenated trees. Seven total trees were generated: 3 single gene trees, 2 two gene trees, a three gene tree, and a four gene tree. Cytochrome B trees of T. elegans and members of the northern clade were made to investigate the paraphyly of T. elegans. Results indicate that some individuals of T. atratus were possibly misidentified as T. e. terrestris. Three broad clades conforming to the results of previous studies were retrieved across multiple gene trees. Trees using multiple genes had higher bootstrap support but sampled fewer species. The polyphyly of T. cyrtopsis and T. pulchrilatus were retrieved in previous studies, however, the authors did not offer any comment on the results, warranting further investigation. This research provides a starting point for further investigation into species and subspecies delineation in Thamnophis.

The effect of UV radiation on DNA degradation in blood samples

2026-03-05T09:46:31+00:00

Detecting deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an important more of forensic science, it is an crucial to know the extent of the degradation to ensure the DNA can be properly genotyped. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a natural component of sunlight, it is a common environmental factor that causes damage to biological molecules like DNA. In forensic science investigations, bloodstains are used to connect suspects and victims in a crime scene. When the stains are exposed to UV radiation the integrity of the evidence can be compromised and no longer be relevant to the investigation. In this research, I have tested the degradation of DNA from aseptic human blood samples due to varying strengths of UV light. Thus far in my research I have placed two samples under UV light one for 22 hours and the other for one week, preliminary results show no difference between the two samples.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin glycan enhances twitching motility and renders bacteria more susceptible to human beta defensin 2.

2026-03-05T10:32:48+00:00

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ESKAPE (highly drug resistant) pathogen that is commonly acquired during hospital stays. This bacterium produces type IV pili which are adhesins and motor appendages that mediate a surface motility referred to as “twitching.” These pili are polymers of protein subunits referred to as pilin. The pilin subunit of P. aeruginosa 1244 is glycosylated. Previous studies have shown that the pilin glycan affects the efficiency of twitching motility under certain conditions, fiber surface polarity, and overall bacterial surface polarity. We also confirmed and extended these previous findings by showing pilin glycosylation substantially enhances twitching motility on positively charged surfaces (poly L-lysine coated plastic). Because modulation of the bacterial surface charge has been shown to mediate defensin resistance in other organisms, we tested whether pilin glycosylation affected sensitivity to human beta defensin 2 (HBD-2). Interestingly, the isogenic mutant strain lacking the pilin glycan (1244G7) showed increased resistance to HBD-2 compared to wild type bacteria and those completely lacking a type IV pilus (1244.47). This increased resistance to HBD-2 could explain data from a recent study in which various P. aeruginosa clinical strains were isolated that had pilin glycosylation defects. We therefore sought to determine if pilin glycosylation modulates the interaction between pili and HBD-2. Here, an immunoprecipitation assay was carried out using HBD-2 as bait and either purified glycosylated pili or non-glycosylated pili as bait. These studies are ongoing and could provide insight into an important host-pathogen interaction. [This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (1R15HL147135) and an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103434) which funds the WV-INBRE program].

The effect of latex sap from the Poinsettia plant (Euphorbia pulcherrima) on the production of roots in propagated Tradescantia zebrina cuttings

2026-03-05T10:46:59+00:00

Previous studies suggest that the latex sap produced by species in the Euphorbia family may play a role in promoting root growth in other plant species. In this study, this hypothesis was tested by extracting latex sap from Euphorbia pulcherrima and applying it to cuttings from Tradescantia zebrina. These cuttings, 10 per group, were assigned to one of three treatments of either undiluted sap, a sap-water mixture, or a water control. Each treatment group was then propagated in soil or water, resulting in six total experimental groups. The number and length of the roots were recorded after one week of growth in the water groups and two weeks in the soil groups. An ANOVA test was performed to determine significant differences across treatments. This analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in both the root length and number for the water propagated cuttings, with the control group having greater average root development than the sap-containing groups. However, there was not a significant difference between the soil propagated cuttings for either variable. These findings suggest that latex sap from E. pulcherrima does not enhance root growth in T. zebrina during water propagation and has no noticeable effect in soil. This study contributes to the understanding of hormone interactions between plants and highlights the importance of the propagation environment in stimulating growth. This research was made possible by WV Higher Education Policy Commission, STaR Division.

Impact of Weather Conditions on Eastern Screech-Owl (Megascops asio) Audio Responses in West Virginia.

2026-03-05T10:59:01+00:00

Abiotic factors are known to influence avian behavior, and variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speed may suppress activity in many bird species. These environmental conditions may also affect response time during callback surveys commonly used in owl monitoring. The objective of this study was to determine whether temperature, humidity, and wind speed influence the response time of Eastern Screech-Owls (Megascops asio, EASO) during survey efforts. We hypothesized that temperature would be positively related to response time, while humidity and wind speed would show negative relationships. To test this hypothesis, 350 survey sites were monitored for EASO across the three major physiographic provinces of West Virginia. Linear regression analysis was used to examine relationships between response time and the measured abiotic variables. Results indicated that temperature, humidity, and wind speed did not have statistically significant effects on owl response time (p > 0.05). However, these variables may still influence detection probability. Eastern Screech-Owls were detected at temperatures as low as −16.5°C, which is lower than the −12°C previously reported by Carpenter (1987), though no detections occurred when temperatures reached −20.5°C. Owls were also detected at wind speeds ranging from 0 to 31.5 kph, suggesting that a threshold may exist beyond which owl activity declines. Humidity appeared to have little influence on detection probability, although interactions between humidity and temperature may warrant further study. Overall, these findings suggest that weather conditions are not primary drivers of response time during surveys, though survey efforts should avoid extremely low temperatures below −16.5°C.

Impacts of land cover usage on anuran biodiversity in central Panama.

2026-03-05T13:13:50+00:00

Anurans worldwide are threatened by numerous human-driven factors, including habitat destruction, degradation, fragmentation, and the spread of the fungal disease Chytridiomycosis. Neotropical regions have experienced particularly high rates of anuran biodiversity loss due to this disease and other anthropogenic impacts. In this study, we conducted a density and biodiversity survey in central Panama to examine anuran occurrence in relation to habitat disturbance. Four sites—representing a forest, a stream, an open field, and a roadside ditch—were chosen within a 0.85-hectare area based on geographic location, habitat type, and degree of human influence. Each site was surveyed for at least 32 hours between 12:00 and 24:00, totaling 135.5 hours of observation. Every anuran encountered was photographed and identified taxonomically to family, and when possible, to genus and species. In total, 905 adult individuals were observed, representing 22 species from 17 genera within 8 families. As expected, higher biodiversity was found in the less disturbed forested sites, while lower biodiversity was observed in highly developed areas such as the field and roadside ditch. These findings are crucial for understanding how anthropogenic disturbance affects anuran biodiversity and for identifying species that can adapt to disturbed environments.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Latent Fingerprints

2026-03-05T13:07:25+00:00

ADDISON TENNEY and MARK FLOOD. Forensic Science program, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on latent fingerprint

Fingerprints are unique to every individual, which makes it a great way to scientifically place a person at the scene of the crime. Ultraviolet (UV) rays often begin to degrade biological molecules in different ways. Oils left behind in latent fingerprints can potentially be impacted by exposure to UV light. To test this, porcelain plates with two sets of latent fingerprints (female and male) were put under three different UV lights, UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C, as well as one in an enclosed space (no UV light exposure) as the control. The latent fingerprints were left under the UV lights for varying lengths of time. Then, small particle reagent, which interacts with laten fingerprint oils, was used to develop latent fingerprints. Preliminary results indicate that latent fingerprints under the ultraviolet lights have no changes between having the print under the light for one day, one week, and two weeks. The minutiae quantity and quality were not impacted by exposure to different wavelengths of UV light for the timeframe analyzed. Based on the preliminary results, UV light exposure does not appear to significantly degrade latent prints in the short term (less than 2 weeks). Data is continuing to be analyzed for longer exposure periods as well. This research was made possible by WV Higher Education Policy Commission, STaR Division

The effect of cleaning agents on Bluestar and luminol blood detection

2026-03-05T14:23:14+00:00

TAYLAR MILBURN and MARK FLOOD. Forensic Science program, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554. The effect of cleaning agents on Bluestar and luminol blood detection

The goal of quality testing reagents is to minimize the chances of getting a false positive result, meaning the test is highly specific and is not susceptible to contamination. Bluestar and luminol reagents are used to test for traces of blood left at a crime scene. Often criminals will clean up blood evidence and claim the positive test results come from the chemicals in the cleaning solutions. The objective of this study is to determine if different household substances can provide false positives when using Bluestar and luminol tests. Common household substances were placed/sprayed on to glass, wood, and plastic surfaces. Samples were tested immediately after being applied to the surface, or after waiting for the substance to dry before spraying it with either BlueStar or luminol. The preliminary results for this research indicate that none of the substances tested provide a false positive other than bleach. Therefore, no household cleaning products other than bleach should interfere with detecting blood at the scene of the crime. This research was made possible by WV Higher Education Policy Commission, STaR Division.

Leveraging Longitudinal Gamified Assessment Data to Identify and Resolve Conceptual Thresholds in Undergraduate Anatomy and Physiology

2026-03-05T14:36:14+00:00

Objective: This study evaluates the efficacy of gamified formative assessment (Kahoot!) [1] in identifying persistent student misconceptions and measuring the impact of data-driven instructional interventions—including weekly study guides, clinical concept mapping, and step-by-step ECG interpretation protocols—across multiple academic terms

Methods: Longitudinal data were collected from weekly quizzes in an undergraduate Human Anatomy and Physiology course. Analysis compared two cohorts: Year 1 (n=56 unique attempts) and Year 2 (n=97 unique attempts). Metrics included mean class accuracy, item-level difficulty, and student engagement (participation reach and response fluency). Statistical significance was determined by using independent samples t-tests.

Results: Overall mastery increased significantly between years. Muscular System accuracy rose from 67.9% to 87.8% (p<0.001), and Blood & Hemostasis rose from 73.3% to 84.4% (p=0.059). Item-level analysis identified "Persistent Red Zones" in complex functional logic (e.g., Aspirin’s mechanism), while targeted interventions for clotting synthesis and muscle organization resulted in mastery gains exceeding 40%. Despite a 173% increase in student participation during Year 2, response speeds remained stable or improved, indicating high scalability and cognitive fluency.

Conclusion: Results indicate that longitudinal tracking [2] of gamified data allows educators to distinguish between stable mastery and "threshold concepts" [3] requiring pedagogical pivot. While general engagement remains high as cohort size increases, specific cognitive traps (e.g., pharmacological mechanisms) persist, suggesting that gamification [4] is most valuable as a real-time diagnostic for refining instructional delivery and resolving deeply rooted misconceptions.

Ethanolic extract from Rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium) diminishes the viability of leukemia cells

2026-03-05T17:27:12+00:00

JAMES STANDISH & JOSEPH HORZEMPA. Department of Biological Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV USA. Ethanolic extract from Rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium) diminishes the viability of leukemia cells.

Many cardiovascular, immunosuppressive, anticancer, and antimicrobial drugs have originated from plant-derived natural products. Leukemia, a cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cells, remains a significant global health concern and highlights the need for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. In collaboration with the National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), we are investigating plant extracts from members of the Asteraceae family, a diverse group of plants known to contain bioactive phytochemicals such as sesquiterpene lactones that have demonstrated anti-cancer activity. Previous screening efforts at West Liberty University identified several extracts from plants within the Asteraceae family that exhibited cytotoxic activity against THP-1 leukemia cells. One such extract identified in this screen was from the Asteracea plant, Rosinweed (Silphium integrifolium). The objective of this work is to extend these findings and further evaluate the anti-cancer potential of Rosinweed extracts and determine whether compounds present within this plant inhibit leukemia cell viability. To do so, Rosinweed plant tissue was macerated in ethanol, stirred to facilitate compound extraction, filtered, and the filtrate was rotary evaporated to remove excess solvent and concentrate the extract. Subsequently, the biological activity of this extract was evaluated using leukemia cell viability assays. Future directions include purifying the bioactive compound within the Rosinweed extract and evaluating this for anti-cancer activity in an animal model of leukemia. [This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (1R15HL147135) and an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103434) which funds the WV-INBRE program].

Genetic Differentiation of Nutritionally Deprived Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

2026-03-06T07:24:24+00:00

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium known for its high level of resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants which contributes to increased morbidity and mortality following infection. One well-studied context of P. aeruginosa infection is cystic fibrosis, where the bacterium forms persistent biofilms in the lungs. P. aeruginosa ATCC 39324 is commonly used to investigate biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. Preliminary analysis of an existing transcriptomics data set comparing starved vs non-starved P. aeruginosa ATCC 39324 was performed using the EPI2ME Labs wf-transcriptomes workflow, comparing RNA reads from each sample to the well-characterized P. aeruginosa PAO1 reference genome.This analysis found that only one gene, PA4581.1, was detected exclusively in the starved samples. Conversely, the gene rplT was detected exclusively in the non-starved samples. These findings suggest potential transcriptional differences between long-term starved and non-starved P. aeruginosa. To understand more about these differences, P. aeruginosa ATCC 39324 that had been subjected to long-term starvation was compared to a non-starved wild-type ATCC 39324 culture. Starved and non-starved specimens were sampled at multiple time points following reintroduction to growth conditions: initial, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 3 hours, 24 hours, and 1 week. Total RNA was extracted from each time point for sequencing using Oxford Nanopore Technologies. Additionally, crystal violet assays were performed to analyze the effects of starvation on biofilm formation. (This work was supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence and was made possible by funding from NASA West Virginia Space Grant Consortium).

Skeletal Lesions in Covid-19 patients compared to Tuberculosis patients

2026-03-05T19:49:13+00:00

In paleopathology, skeletal lesions have been identified in individuals with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) and chronic respiratory infections. These infections cause inflammation of the pleural cavity, and in some cases cause secondary osteoarticular infections, creating lesions on the ribs and vertebrae. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infections cause inflammation of the pleural cavity, and the virus can migrate. Long-term SARS-CoV-2 complications are underexplored. The authors believe that SARS-CoV-2 may also lead to rib and vertebral lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine if TB or COVID-19 led to rib and vertebral lytic lesions visible on radiographs. Chi-square was used to compare the prevalence of skeletal lesions on chest radiographs among COVID-19, TB, and control groups. Each group consisted of 50 chest radiographs. Radiographs were reviewed using standardized systematic interpretation. When comparing COVID-19 patients to control patients, a statistically significant increase in rib lesions was observed (p=0.000134). For the TB group, a statistically significant increase in rib lesions was observed when compared with controls (p=0.00000312). However, evaluation of vertebral lesions in both TB and COVID-19 patients showed no statistically significant difference compared with controls (p=0.307; p=0.558). When comparing rib lesions across TB, COVID-19, and control groups, there was a statistically significant difference (p=0.000142), indicating that infectious etiologies were associated with an increased frequency of rib lesions. Comparison of vertebral lesions across all groups demonstrated no significance (p=0.594). These findings suggest that rib involvement may be more commonly associated with infectious etiologies on chest radiography, whereas vertebral lesions do not appear to differ significantly.

5E Learning Cycle Unit Plan

2026-03-05T18:30:07+00:00

How can educators use students’ critical thinking about scientific questions to design lesson plans that view common misconceptions as a steppingstone towards rich learning experiences rather than obstacles to overcome? Two student thinking interviews were conducted with the intention of gathering real data on how students use sensemaking based on their own observations of the world to explain scientific concepts. That data was then used to create a 5E learning cycle unit plan that incorporates the 3 dimensions of science learning while utilizing students’ ideas to deepen their understanding of the content. The final lesson plan is strategically scaffolded to determine what students know in order to meet them where they are and provides multiple opportunities for effective classroom discourse, collaborative work, and authentic tasks and investigations. The interviews and lesson plans were designed with the support of GSU’s Assistant Professor of Science Education, Dr. Ashley Kooken. Through this study, it was found that conducting and thoroughly analyzing student thinking interviews provides insight into how students reason through scientific phenomena and allows the educator to leverage that reasoning as a tool for improving instruction. Beginning the lesson planning process through a lens of student sensemaking results in an instruction plan that explicitly addresses and responds to common misconceptions and the ambiguity between scientific and everyday language.

Project-Based STEM Learning: A Case Study on the Educational Applications of Pololu Zumo Robots

2026-03-05T18:55:43+00:00

Gabriel Galdwell, Owen Keller, Weidong Liao (Faculty Advisor), Osman Guzide (Faculty Advisor), Department of Computer Science, Mathematics and Engineering, College of STEM, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV 25443. Project-Based STEM Learning: A Case Study on the Educational Applications of Pololu Zumo Robots

Hands-on robotics platforms provide a critical bridge between theoretical computer science and practical engineering. The Pololu Zumo Robot offers an accessible, compact hardware design that facilitates this transition. Its key educational benefits include versatile C++ programming via the Arduino IDE and a rich sensor array that allows students to explore intelligent system design. This poster presents a case study on utilizing Zumo robots to build foundational STEM skills among [insert student demographic, e.g., undergraduate computer science students]. We will outline our pedagogical approach, demonstrate several completed mini-projects, and discuss how working with constrained hardware environments enhances students' problem-solving abilities and understanding of embedded systems.

Effects of a Drought on an Invasive Earthworm Population

2026-03-05T19:11:07+00:00

The effects of the 2024 drought were seen in deciduous forests and their inhabitant organisms, including earthworms. An important group of invasive earthworms are those in the genus Amynthas, which co-exist with the naturalized genus Lumbricus. While Amynthas has been recognized for disrupting nutrient cycling in the forest, there is still much that is not known about these worms’ biology. Population surveys in 2024 and 2025 found both genera within the floor community West Liberty University campus woods. For the past two seasons, worms were sampled using mustard vermifuge, identified to genus, and measured. Abiotic factors including soil temperature, pH and moisture were also recorded. Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) was utilized to visualize how the earthworm populations were distributed throughout the sampling sites. Effective Drought Index (EDI) calculations were used to visualize the significance of the 2024 drought and assess 2025 conditions. It was found that worm density declined significantly in June 2024 and did not recover during the field season. Density in 2025 showed a gradual increase throughout the season. There was a positive correlation between EDI values and worm density in 2024, and a positive correlation between soil moisture and worm density in 2025. Occupancy graphs showed higher and more consistent population stability throughout the 2025 field season than in 2024. Further research is needed to better understand the biology of Amynthas and the significance of their drought resistance, as well as how the established populations of Lumbricus have succeeded in post-drought conditions.

Power Up Internships with the WV Career Collaborative.

2026-03-05T20:02:37+00:00

Power Up Interns have been working since May 2025 as part of the WV Career Collaborative (WVCC), with 15 student participants (14 undergraduates and 1 high school student) in two cohorts to date. Three of the participants returned for a second internship. Interns divide their time between three main areas: (1) STEM Work-Based Learning (WBL) opportunity development, (2) general professional development including a Power Skills curriculum developed by the WV Jobs Network, and (3) WV Career Collaborative project support. The WVCC is a multi-faceted initiative led by Fairmont State University and Glenville State University to build connections between industry, faculty, K12 educators, students and other jobseekers with the goal of developing the STEM workforce in the service regions of Fairmont State and Glenville State. Power Up Interns, contracted through High Rocks Educational Corporation and supervised by WVCC staff, have tested a variety of WBL opportunities such as job shadow opportunities, site visits, micro-internship and internship opportunities with regional businesses. They have also assisted with the work of the WVCC, including marketing, virtual reality video production, career skills development and industry outreach. All students interviewed agreed that this internship helped them feel more prepared for the workforce and improved their confidence in communication and teamwork. The WVCC is funded by Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) POWER Grant #PW-21904-IM.

Localization of the divisome protein FtsL in Francisella tularensis LVS.

2026-03-05T20:52:07+00:00

Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative bacterium categorized as a tier 1 select agent. Fatal disease can be caused by very low doses, leading to the potential of F. tularensis being used as a bioterror agent. Understanding cell division in F. tularensis could yield important insights for the development of a vaccine or antimicrobial treatments. Understanding how F. tularensis divides may also shed light on how the bacterium is able to enter a Viable-but-not-Culturable (VBNC) state. This VBNC state could be a contributing factor to survival in the environment and during phagocytosis into host cells. Known divisome proteins of Escherichia coli include FtsZ, FtsA, and ZipA, which are involved in the assembly of the cytokinetic proto-ring. Divisome proteins, such as the FtsQLBWI complex and FtsN are recruited to the proto-ring, directing the formation of the division septum. Currently, very little is known about the F. tularensis divisome. Ftl_1540 is predicted to encode the FtsL homolog in F. tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (LVS). To learn more about the function of FtsL, we have generated the fluorescence fusion protein, FtsL-EMGFP. Cloning Ftl_1540 into two EMGFP reporter plasmids, pSC18, containing a strong promoter, and pSC13, containing no promoter, has resulted in the two recombinant plasmids pAR2 and pAR1, respectively. Our investigation of FtsL-EMGFP production and localization in bacterial cells expressed from recombinant plasmid pAR2 is presented here. (This work was supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence).

An enhanced multi-agent system for stock prediction utilizing machine learning and generative AI

2026-03-05T21:16:57+00:00

Rachael Poffenberger, Skylar Myers, Anna Hou, Weidong Liao (Faculty Advisor), Dept of Computer and Information Sciences, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443. An enhanced multi-agent system for stock prediction utilizing machine learning and generative AI.

The objective of this study was to enhance an interactive, multi-agent stock prediction application that automates financial forecasting and trading strategies. The application was built using Python and Streamlit, employing a multi-agent architecture managed through the Model Context Protocol (MCP) for inter-agent communication. The enhanced system utilizes Agent skill technology and a skills.MD framework to define capabilities for five specialized agents: an Analysis agent for data feature engineering, a Predictor agent for forecasting, a Decider agent for risk and strategy assessment, a Trader agent for execution, and a Team Coordinator agent to manage the workflow. To perform the predictive analysis, the Predictor agent leverages linear regression, random forest regression, support vector regression, and XGBoost models. The essential results indicate that the multi-agent framework successfully orchestrates complex financial tasks, allowing the Team Coordinator to seamlessly route data and decisions between the analytical and execution agents. In conclusion, using a modular, multi-agent approach significantly enhances the flexibility and efficiency of automated stock prediction systems, providing a robust platform for integrating advanced machine-learning forecasting tools with automated trading execution.

Revamping existing websites through AI-assisted workflow and Vibe Coding

2026-03-05T21:30:45+00:00

Taruna Suryawanshi, Dr. Weidong Liao, and Dr. Osman Guzide, Dept of Computer Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25414. Revamping existing websites through AI-assisted workflow and Vibe Coding.

This study looks at how Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) can be used in web development through Vibe Coding. The goal was to determine whether AI-assisted tools could streamline maintenance and improve efficiency for Shepherd University’s S-STEM website, which runs on WordPress. To do this, the study explored the use of Google’s GPT model and Gemini AI and tested the results within the Antigravity environment.

AI tools were integrated into WordPress to help generate templates from prompts and draft content such as announcements and event updates. This study compared task completion times with and without AI, the frequency with which the code worked correctly on the first try, and the number of revisions needed. The results showed that manually completing routine updates could take between 30 and 40 minutes, whereas using Vibe Coding reduced this time to around 10 minutes. On average, structured content and code worked correctly on the first attempt roughly 70% of the time.

These findings suggest that AI-assisted workflows enable faster, more efficient website maintenance without sacrificing usability or structure. The results also show that Vibe Coding can scale effectively for smaller institutional websites. This research was supported by the NASA Undergraduate Research Scholarship program.

Safe AI Initiative: A Call for Transparency of the Impact of Generative AI and Big Data

2026-03-06T05:40:34+00:00

Jamie Kemman, Alani White, Holly White, Weidong Liao (Faculty Advisor), Osman Guzide (Faculty Advisor), Dept of Computer and Information Sciences, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443. Safe AI Initiative: A Call for Transparency of the Impact of Generative AI and Big Data.

The meteoric rise in availability and adoption of generative AI tools in public and professional life has produced a dizzying array of reports on the potential benefits of AI. This has led to surging demand for funding, building, and maintaining new AI technologies, and an omnipresent push from the world’s largest tech firms to have users adopt each new development. This rise in corporate demand has been accompanied by a distinct lack of caution regarding the negative effects stemming from the unintended consequences and misaligned use of these new technologies. Our work seeks to draw attention to the full spectrum of these issues through the development of an interactive Web app, which serves as a place of education on some of the issues that stem from AI, especially from modern Generative AI. By offering an easy-to-use Web app with clear, accessible information, we hope that this site will provide users with a more informed perspective on AI, its growing role in our society, and how to use it more responsibly.

Refactoring a Codebase with and without Generative AI: A Comparative Study

2026-03-06T06:22:10+00:00

Anna Hou, Skylar Myers, Rachael Poffenberger, and Dr. Weidong Liao (Faculty Advisor), Dept of Computer and Information Sciences, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443. Refactoring a Codebase with and without Generative AI: A Comparative Study.

The objective of this study is to compare the efficiency and accuracy of software refactoring workflows with and without Generative AI tools.

Maintaining legacy software is traditionally a time-intensive process involving manual code comprehension, test generation, and structural alteration. We conducted a comparative study of the workflows for refactoring an existing legacy codebase. The first workflow is the traditional and manual one that relies on standard static analysis and IDE features. The second workflow utilizes Generative AI assistants, specifically Google AntiGravity and Gemini Code Assist. Our comparative analysis measured the time expended, the number of logical errors introduced, and the overall improvement in code readability. The results indicate that the AI-assisted workflow significantly reduced the time required for initial code comprehension and boilerplate unit test generation. The AI tools rapidly identified technical debt and generated functional refactoring snippets. However, the traditional manual workflow, while slower, would result in fewer architectural misalignments during complex dependency injections. We conclude that Generative AI significantly accelerates the refactoring process, particularly in the discovery and test generation phases, but rigorous human oversight remains critical to ensure structural integrity and prevent AI-generated logic errors. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation S-STEM grant awarded to Shepherd University.

Exploratory Data Analysis for the Local Housing Market in the Surrounding Area

2026-03-06T06:56:00+00:00

Skylar Myers, Jayden Kisner, Miranda Egan, and Weidong Liao (Faculty Advisor), Dept of Computer and Information Sciences, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV 25443. Exploratory Data Analysis for the Local Housing Market in the Surrounding Area.

This study presents a modern workflow integrating traditional data engineering with generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) to analyze the local housing market in Shepherdstown, West Virginia, and the surrounding tri-state area. The primary objective was to evaluate real estate trends—such as median sale prices, inventory levels, and days on market—while designing a robust AI-assisted analytical pipeline. The methodology involved a multi-step process: first, acquiring localized housing datasets from the Redfin Data Center; second, cleaning and standardizing the data using Python and pandas to handle missing values and filter outliers; and third, employing prompt engineering techniques to utilize Large Language Models (LLMs) for automated trend interpretation and anomaly detection. Initial results demonstrate that, while raw data scraping poses significant challenges due to platform restrictions, structured CSV exports enable seamless integration with AI tools. We conclude that integrating GenAI into exploratory data analysis accelerates the derivation of insights but requires rigorous traditional data cleaning and chained prompting to prevent AI hallucinations. This framework provides a scalable model for applying AI to localized economic data.

Typhinamycin – A Novel Phytochemical from Rhus typhina Extract Exhibits Antimicrobial Activity Toward ESKAPE Pathogens

2026-03-06T07:09:16+00:00

Antibiotic resistance is a leading contributor of the worsening public health crisis of the 21^st century. Several medically-relevant bacteria are resistant to available antibiotics, especially the ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). While very few new antibiotics are in development, discovery of novel antibiotic agents is imperative to combat this threat. Natural products represent a revived area of interest as a potential source for new antimicrobials. Previous screening of ethanolic extract of Rhus typhina (Staghorn sumac) indicated that this material exhibited marked growth inhibition against 4/6 ESKAPE pathogens at 24 hrs. A novel methoxylated derivative of fisetin (Typhinamycin) from the extract was isolated, identified, and tested for antimicrobial activity against the ESKAPE pathogens. In a microtiter plate containing rich growth media inoculated with equivalent levels of bacteria, serial dilutions of Typhinamycin were added to evaluate antibacterial activity. After incubation at 37°C, bacterial growth was measured using a plate reader. Wells lacking treatment were used to identify normal growth levels. Preliminary results indicate Typhinamycin produces substantial inhibition of all ESKAPE pathogens. Future investigations will involve the characterization and a detailed analysis of the antimicrobial efficacy of this compound. (Supported by NIH Grant P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence)

GC-MS method development for the photochemical copper-mediated decarboxylation of 4-fluorobenzoic acid

2026-03-06T07:17:20+00:00

Photochemical copper-mediated decarboxylative coupling reactions of benzoic acids have been shown to be useful for the synthesis of substituted arenes. However, in contrast to thermal copper-mediated decarboxylation reactions, there are no mechanistic nor kinetic studies published. This project aimed to develop a sampling methodology for the model reaction of 4-fluorobenzoic acid and copper(II) triflate in acetonitrile under LED irradiation to yield 4-fluorobenzene, with the goal to obtain time-course data through GCMS analysis. The optimized protocol includes the use of an internal standard, trifluoromethylbenzene, filtration through silica gel with ethyl acetate, and a split injection. Derivatization with N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyl-trifluoroacetamide gave mixed results due to the loss of volatile fluorine-containing analytes. This research was made possible by WV Higher Education Policy Commission, STaR Division, and Fairmont State University (Falcon Mini-grant 2025/2026).

Extremophiles on the Red Planet: Investigating Biocrust Viability in Simulated Martian Soil

2026-03-06T07:55:20+00:00

Biological colonization of Martian regolith may improve soil properties relevant to life-support and in situ resource utilization (ISRU) strategies on Mars. Here we aimed to determine if extremophilic microbial biocrust communities derived from Earth’s desert ecosystems can establish, persist, and function in Martian regolith. To address this goal, we conducted a laboratory microcosm experiment using Martian regolith simulant inoculated with biocrust communities collected from the American Southwest. To test the ability of nutrients to stimulate microbial growth, microcosms received one of three fertility treatments: no fertilization, phosphorus amendment, or phosphorus and nitrogen amendment. Microcosms were maintained in growth chambers under a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. After one month, CO₂ flux was measured under light and dark conditions to estimate photosynthesis and respiration. Preliminary analyses have indicated photosynthetic activity in all biocrust inoculated mesocosms. Respiration rates were greatest in regolith inoculated with McDowell Nature Preserve biocrust followed by Organ Pipe National Monument and Mojave Desert inoculated regolith. Future work will aim to characterize the microbial communities present in the biocrusts as well as determine their genetic capabilities to reduce toxic salts into inert compounds and add nutrients and carbon into the regolith. In summary, the preliminary results demonstrate that biocrust microorganism can persist and function in Martian regolith, suggesting biocrust inoculation may stimulate soil formation on Mars.

Characterization of Putative Oxidoreductase Involved in Resazomycin Resistance in Francisella tularensis

2026-03-06T08:23:28+00:00

Antibiotic resistance poses a critical threat to global public health, emphasizing the need
to identify and characterize novel bacterial resistance mechanisms. Our laboratory
discovered resazurin-based compounds, known as resazomycins, exhibit antimicrobial
activity against Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia. Previous studies
have shown that overexpression of FTL_0445 in F. tularensis confers resistance to
resazurin. FTL_0445 is annotated to encode for a NADPH-dependent FMN
oxidoreductase that we hypothesize reduces or modifies resazurin, thereby mediating
antibiotic resistance in F. tularensis. To investigate this hypothesis, the FTL_0445 gene
was amplified and cloned into the linearized pET45b (+) expression vector for
heterologous expression in Escherichia coli using In-Fusion cloning. Following
transformation into E. coli, colonies were isolated on LB + ampicillin plates, and plasmid
DNA was extracted using a mini-prep kit. Restriction digest analysis of purified plasmids
revealed DNA fragments of expected sizes: approximately 5300 bp for the pET45b (+)
vector and approximately 600 bp for the FTL_0445 insert, confirming successful cloning
and proper vector-insert assembly. Currently, efforts are underway to induce protein
expression and purify the FTL_0445-encoded protein in E. coli for biochemical
characterization. Subsequent assays will assess its potential oxidoreductase activity
toward resazurin derivatives to further elucidate the gene’s role in resazomycin
resistance. Understanding the function of FTL_0445 could provide valuable insight into
the molecular basis of antibiotic resistance in F. tularensis and may guide the future
development of novel therapeutic strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens.

Use of Trade Data to Estimate Environmental Implications of Household Refrigeration Equipment Disposal

2026-03-06T08:47:45+00:00

This study explores U.S. and Ukrainian household refrigeration trade patterns from 2003–2022 as a precursor to estimate subsequent disposal needs when refrigeration equipment is decommissioned. The study is motivated by the pursuit of sustainable waste management practices. To date, these trends are linked to environmental research on Ukraine’s refrigeration sector to illustrate how trade data helps forecast downstream waste management demands for recovery of refrigerator coolants. Recovery of refrigerator coolants should curb the release of greenhouse gases. The study also demonstrates the beginning of the extension of the analysis to the United States.

The study methodology included querying the United Nations Comtrade Database to obtain import and export data. Combined with manufacturing data and empirical models to predict equipment useful life, the trade data forecast waste management demands for refrigerator coolants. The baseline study for Ukraine estimated 2,034 kg/yr of R134a and 2,750 kg/yr of R600a initially in refrigerators predicted for decommissioning. Analysis for the United States is ongoing, but, like the baseline study for Ukraine, shows the use of R134a and R600a coolants. These coolants are an improvement from hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) which are known to be both ozone-depleting and greenhouse gases. This work is funded by a Semester Undergraduate Research Experience (SURE) grant from the Science Technology and Research (STaR) division of the Higher Education Policy Commission (HEPC).

The Effects of Microplastics and Acetaminophen on Regeneration in the Planarian Dugesia

2026-03-06T08:56:12+00:00

Planarian flatworms are a good model system to investigate the effects of environmental pollutants on the nervous system because of their unique ability to regenerate it entire body from one segment. Microplastics have become a ubiquitous pollutant, so many questions have emerged regarding the effects of microplastics on public health. Additionally, acetaminophen use during pregnancy has been under scrutiny because of its potential negative effects upon fetal development. The goal of our study is to determine whether either microplastic exposure or acetaminophen exposure has any impact on planarian regeneration, specifically the nervous system. To test our hypotheses, we have been incubating flatworm segments in acetaminophen and microplastic solutions to observe changes in regeneration. We cut the flatworms in half and then tracked their regeneration after being incubated in acetaminophen concentrations of 0.1mM, 0.01mM and microplastic concentrations of 0.1 mg/L. While the acetaminophen flatworms are put into solution immediately after being divided, the worms in the microplastic solution are fed and pre-incubated in the 0.1 mg/L solution to accurately mimic an environmental exposure. We have observed acetaminophen exposure results in premature death compared to controls; we are continuing to work towards finding an acetaminophen solution concentration that has an effect on regeneration without killing the worms. The microplastic solution also has similar effects on regeneration and premature death compared to controls, and we have observed a slowed regeneration time and slowed blastema formation in worms that have survived. Additional work will need to be done to understand how these results can be used to indicate differences in nervous system regeneration. Both the effects acetaminophen and microplastic exposure to human heath and development is understudied and must be better understood to avoid potential negative health outcomes.

Circuit-Level Interventions in Stress-Responsive Hypothalamic Nuclei to Enhance Post-Stroke Outcomes

2026-03-06T09:08:11+00:00

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of death and long-term disability worldwide, with post-stroke morbidity driven in part by dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Excessive HPA axis activation following stroke contributes to hypercortisolism, neuronal damage, and impaired recovery, highlighting the importance of understanding neuroendocrine responses to ischemic injury. Yet, the real-time dynamics of stress-responsive circuits after stroke remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate stress-responsive neuronal populations in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) as key regulators of post-stroke HPA axis dysfunction. Using a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), we combine fiber photometry with chemogenetic approaches to both monitor and manipulate these circuits during and after ischemic injury. Fiber photometry enables real-time recording of calcium activity in defined neuronal populations, allowing us to characterize how stroke alters stress circuit dynamics, while chemogenetic tools provide a causal test of whether modulating these same populations can attenuate maladaptive stress signaling. We hypothesize that reducing HPA axis hyperactivation in the acute post-stroke period will decrease corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling, lower plasma corticosterone levels, preserve hippocampal integrity, and improve behavioral outcomes. Ongoing studies assess circuit activity, infarct-related pathology, hippocampal neuronal loss, endocrine measures, and post-stroke behavior. Together, this work aims to define how stress circuitry contributes to post-stroke pathology and recovery, while identifying targeted neuronal interventions as potential therapeutic strategies for improving functional outcomes after IS.

Sex determination of shrews through genetic analysis of SRY gene

2026-03-06T09:16:09+00:00

To maintain ecological balance, monitoring species populations is essential, and identifying gender is one of the key factors influencing population trends. Shrews are the smallest mammals on Earth and show little visible sexual dimorphism, which makes it difficult to determine sex. Dissection is the most common method used; however, it is invasive and not reliable on live samples. With fetal or immature specimens, it is still a challenge, even with the aid of a microscope. To address the limitations, genetics provides a more accurate and less invasive approach. This study focused on developing a non-invasive assay of sex identification for shrews using external tissues, such as feet and toes. DNA was extracted from the shrew samples with Chelex 100 solution. PCR samples were prepared by mixing the SRY and ZFY primers, Taq DNA polymerase, nuclease-free water, and extracted DNA. A sample without extracted DNA was used as a negative control. Amplified products were visualized by gel electrophoresis. The male samples show two distinct bands corresponding to both the SRY and ZFY primers, while female samples only produce the ZFY band. This research provides a non-invasive alternative for the shrew population studies and reduces specimen damage

Development and Optimization of Steam Distillation for Extraction of d-Limonene from Navel Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels.

2026-03-06T09:29:13+00:00

Essential oils extracted from citrus peels are rich in volatile organic compounds widely used in food, fragrance, and pharmaceutical applications. The chemical composition and yield of these oils may be influenced by post-harvest handling and temperature exposure, which can alter their stability and functional properties. This study investigated both the development of a simple steam distillation method and the effect of temperature-based treatment on essential oil extracted from navel orange (Citrus sinensis) peels, with specific focus on d-limonene as the primary constituent. Initial method development involved multiple steam distillation trials using basil and thyme leaves. Early configurations produced negligible oil, requiring refinement of the distillation setup. Successful isolation of orange peel essential oil was achieved after implementing a biomass distillation flask, demonstrating the importance of apparatus optimization in small-scale extractions. Peels were subjected to three pre-extraction conditions: immediate processing at room temperature, freezing for one week, and oven-drying for three hours. Extracted oils were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which confirmed d-limonene as the dominant volatile component. This investigation aims to provide insight into how temperature-based storage and processing conditions influence the chemical integrity of citrus peel essential oil and to inform optimized handling strategies for analytical and industrial applications.

Assessment of the Antibacterial Potential of Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) Extracts.

2026-03-06T09:38:30+00:00

Multidrug resistance in bacteria and fungi continues to increase and is becoming one of the most significant threats to global public health. Plant-derived compounds offer a promising alternative to conventional antimicrobials and have been historically used in traditional medicine across cultures for centuries. This study aimed to investigate the potential antibacterial activity of Kalmia latifolia, Mountain Laurel, against common bacterial pathogens. Mountain Laurel, a native plant of West Virginia in the Ericaceae family, was collected in January 2026 from a private residence in Tipton, WV. Leaves were dried and ground into a fine powder prior to extraction. Several extracts were prepared using ethanol, acetone, diethyl ester, and water. These extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using the disc diffusion method and by coating the plate with the extracts, with erythromycin as a positive control. Preliminary results indicate minimal inhibition by diethyl ether and water extracts against E. coli and S. aureus. Future work will explore the use of additional solvents, expand testing to other bacterial and fungal species, as well as analyzing extracts using gas chromatography to identify potential compounds present in the samples.

American burned: a natural remedy for ESKAPE pathogens

2026-03-06T09:40:52+00:00

ESKAPE pathogens – Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species, have been considered critical by CDC and WHO due to their high multidrug resistance observed. Non-pathogenic K-12 strain of E. coli is a commonly used Gram-negative model for understanding antimicrobial properties of new drug candidates and a safer relative for studying Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens. Pathogenic strains of E. coli can also cause numerous issues in a multitude of environments, including severe food poisoning, UTIs, and sepsis. American Burnweed (Erechtites hieraciifolius) is a native weed that has been used by Indigenous people for treating different conditions, but has been overlooked for many years. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial properties of American burnweed ethanol fraction against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Our current results show promising inhibitory effects of American burnweed ethanol fraction against E. coli, showing its potential as a drug candidate. More experiments are underway to confirm the MIC, the minimum bactericidal concentrations, and to identify compounds that show inhibitory effects on E.coli and related pathogens.

The Effects of Irrigation Methods and Volume on the Growth and Production of Pea Plants

2026-03-06T10:08:01+00:00

The rapid change in climate has forced many industries to adapt to the rise in temperature. Farmers have had losses in the production of their crops. In a previous experiment, I examined effects of temperature on pea plant growth and production, demonstrating pea plants experiencing a temperature of 25^oC or higher showed increased rates of germination and a decrease in overall biomass production. Expanding on this research, I tested irrigation methods and volume at colder temperatures, simulating planting these crops earlier in the year. This could allow farmers to adjust plant times - avoiding heat stress and lowered production rates of their crops. In this experiment, two trays, each containing 12 pea seeds, were placed in small planters in an incubator under led lights held at 15^oC. The control plants were surface irrigated with a water volume of 50 ml every two days. This will be compared to subsurface irrigated plants with a water volume of 1000 ml weekly. The pea plants at 15^oC showed an overall increased rate of germination. In addition to this, the dry plant biomass of the peas under subsurface irrigation conditions was significantly higher than those of the control. This research was made possible by WV Higher Education Policy Commission, STaR Division

A Discussion of Activities and Outcomes of the Shepherd S-STEM Scholarship Program

2026-03-06T10:27:12+00:00

The Track II NSF S-STEM Program in the Computer Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering Department at Shepherd University has thus far supported 47 scholars majoring in computer science, mathematics, data analytics, or engineering since October 2021. The overall goal of the program is to increase the number and quality of STEM graduates in the STEM workforce by providing financial, academic, and social support, which enables qualified students to overcome certain barriers that prevent them from meeting their educational and career goals. In this poster, major activities and outcomes of the program since its inception are presented. Survey results and outcomes from the last academic year, along with initiatives that increase, retain, and support students in CME fields, are also discussed. This program has been supported by the NSF S-STEM Grant (award No. DUE-2130267).

Effects of Nutrient-Induced Developmental Delay on Adult Drosophila Brain Structure

2026-03-06T10:49:08+00:00

Proper formation of the central nervous system requires generating the correct number of cells at precise times during development. In the fruit fly Drosophila, neural stem cells called neuroblasts divide throughout development to produce the neurons and glia that comprise the larval and adult nervous system. Neuroblast proliferation is sensitive to dietary nutrient availability and is regulated by these cues. Prolonged dietary nutrient deprivation halts development and induces a reversible quiescent state in neuroblasts. Reactivation of development and neuroblast proliferation occurs when amino acids are reintroduced to the larval diet. This provides an experimental system to examine how nutrient-induced developmental delay affects neuroblast proliferation and the adult neural structures derived from these cells. Previous work in our lab showed that neuroblasts in larvae reactivated from nutrient-induced quiescence exhibit reduced proliferation. This was measured as decreased numbers of mitotic neuroblasts and fewer daughter cells produced compared to uninterrupted control larvae, even though both groups had access to dietary nutrients for the same length of time. We hypothesize that these proliferation deficits could lead to lasting changes in adult brain structure. To test this idea, we are using confocal microscopy to quantify the morphology of several adult brain structures in animals that experienced a nutrient-induced developmental delay. This study investigates a relatively underexplored aspect of developmental plasticity in the central nervous system and establishes a foundation for understanding how early developmental delays influence adult brain architecture.

Molecular Detection of Human Fecal Indicators in Piney Creek, West Virginia

2026-03-06T11:02:01+00:00

Since 2019, the Piney Creek Watershed Association has monitored water quality in Piney Creek (Beckley, WV), a forested tributary of the Lower New River Watershed that drains into the New River Gorge National Park and Preserve and is vulnerable to multiple contamination sources. Monitoring has primarily relied on culture-based assays to measure coliform bacteria. While these tests are effective indicators of fecal contamination, they cannot determine whether contamination originates from human, agricultural, or wildlife sources. Identifying the origin of fecal inputs is important for guiding watershed management strategies and protecting downstream recreational and environmental resources. To complement existing monitoring efforts, we incorporated molecular approaches to better identify contamination sources. Environmental DNA (eDNA) was collected from 1 L of filtered creek water, followed by DNA extraction using a soil/fecal DNA extraction kit. DNA extracted from two locations sampled in August 2025 was analyzed using endpoint PCR targeting HF183 and crASS064, two widely used human-associated microbial source tracking markers derived from Bacteroides and crAssphage. Amplification bands for the crAssphage marker were detected in both August samples, suggesting a human-associated source. These assays are currently being optimized for quantitative PCR (qPCR) to enable more sensitive detection and quantification. Preliminary observations also suggest a potential spatio-temporal pattern in marker detection, which is being investigated through additional sampling campaigns conducted in November 2025 and March 2026. Screening has also detected tetracycline resistance genes tetB and tetM highlighting the need to track both fecal markers and ARGs when assessing water quality.

Sampling eDNA of brook trout within Tygart Valley River Watershed West Virginia

2026-03-06T10:57:45+00:00

Appalachia is home to diverse range of organisms and ecosystems including freshwater streams and rivers. A common species found here is the native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). This particular species of fish is often used to evaluate water quality and ecosystem stability; however, declining populations have risen concern for environmental stressors. This study focuses on sites in the Tygart Valley River Watershed region in West Virginia. We sampled brook trout eDNA from 20 streams historically known to carry brook trout. eDNA is DNA collected from the environment that is naturally shed by organisms. This includes substances such as mucus, feces, or skin cells. eDNA is a valuable tool used for monitoring wildlife diversity, tracking endangered species, or detecting invasive species. GIS mapping was used to map potential locations of brook trout populations based on DNR electrofishing samples. The samples collected were analyzed for brook trout DNA using RT-PCR. We have calculated the proportion of known sites where brook trout DNA was identified, and used this data to compare eDNA sampling of brook trout populations to past electrofishing samples. These samples of brook trout specifically, have provided insight into the overall health and stability of the Tygart Valley River headwaters. These results are important because they provide a low-effort tool to monitor Appalachian populations potentially threatened by climate change. The results can then be used to protect and preserve critical habitat for Appalachian species.

NL-1 Can Reverse Cognitive Deficits and Restore Astrocyte Function Following Adolescent Intermittent Ethanol Exposure

2026-03-06T16:10:50+00:00

Adolescent binge drinking produces neurobiological changes that increase the risk of cognitive impairment. The objective of this study was to determine whether NL-1, a mitoNEET-targeting ligand that regulates mitochondrial function, can restore astrocyte function and improve behavioral outcomes following adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) exposure.

Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to AIE from postnatal day 30 to 45 using an intermittent intragastric ethanol paradigm modeling adolescent binge drinking. After a 26-day washout period, animals received NL-1 or vehicle, generating four treatment groups: water + vehicle, water + NL-1, AIE + vehicle, and AIE + NL-1. Contextual fear conditioning and extinction were used to assess hippocampal-dependent learning. Astrocyte calcium dynamics were measured using astrocyte-specific GCaMP6f imaging in the mPFC, and circuit activation was evaluated using cFos immunohistochemistry.

Preliminary findings indicate that AIE exposure produces deficits in contextual fear conditioning, as evidenced by reduced freezing behavior during extinction compared with water controls. AIE animals also exhibit reduced astrocyte calcium responsivity in the mPFC, suggesting impaired signaling.

These results support the hypothesis that AIE produces astrocyte dysfunction that contributes to cognitive deficits. Ongoing analyses will determine whether NL-1 treatment restores mitochondrial function, normalizes astrocyte calcium signaling, and reverses AIE-induced behavioral impairments.

Characterization and isolation of a fungal secondary metabolite that inhibits the growth of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

2026-03-06T11:47:44+00:00

Antibiotic resistant bacteria pose a major worldwide health risk underscoring the need for the development of new antimicrobial therapies. Historically, secondary metabolites from soil-derived fungi have served as important sources of antibiotic compounds. Previous work from our laboratory characterized and identified fungal isolates capable of inhibiting the growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In this study we sought to isolate and characterize the antimicrobial compounds responsible for this inhibition. From one of the fungal isolates, cell-free samples were obtained and secondary metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate. This solvent was removed, and the extract was concentrated by rotary evaporation. The concentrated fungal extract inhibited the growth of MRSA bacteria in broth culture and in a disk diffusion assay. Chromatographic isolation to isolate the antimicrobial compound is ongoing. [This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (1R15HL147135) and an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103434) which funds the WV-INBRE program].

Characterization of sleep regulation and cognitive processing in schizophrenia mouse model

2026-03-06T11:59:55+00:00

Excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) ratio imbalance is a robust biomarker for many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia (SCZ). The E/I ratio is imperative to proper cortical function, including regulation of sensory processing. Previous data from our lab has shown that sleep regulates E/I over the 24h day. This study showed phase-shift dysregulation of the E/I ratio in BTBR, a SCZ-relevant mouse model due to the spontaneous deletion of the disruption in schizophrenia 1 (disc1) gene. Subchronic phencyclidine (PCP), an NMDA receptor antagonist, is a widely used model for schizophrenia-like phenotypes of positive and negative behavioral symptoms in rodents. We hypothesize that subchronic PCP administration will impair sleep regulation, working memory, and auditory processing, and that Clozapine (CLZ), an atypical antipsychotic, will reverse these effects. To test this hypothesis, we administered PCP via an osmotic minipump followed by electroencephalogram/electromyogram (EEG/EMG) recordings (to characterize sleep/wake states) and behavioral assays. Following initial testing, we administered CLZ followed by EEG/EMG recordings and behavioral assays to investigate its reversal effects. Our findings, that sleep architecture remains unaltered while there are deficits in spatial working memory, aim to assess the deficits caused by subchronic PCP administration and the effects of pharmacological modulation. Future experiments will aim to evaluate the effects of subchronic PCP on the E/I ratio, specifically looking at altered sleep quality and endocannabinoid signaling. These findings will provide insights into mechanisms of cannabinoid-dependent signaling and treatments for SCZ and related disorders.

Sex Dependent Rescue of Astrocyte-Synaptic Remodeling by Rosiglitazone Following Adolescent Binge Ethanol Exposure

2026-03-06T13:05:28+00:00

Binge drinking typically begins during a critical period of adolescent brain maturation and is associated with long-term behavioral dysregulation and increased risk for alcohol use disorder. Using the adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) rat model, our laboratory has shown long-term, sex-dependent behavioral deficits that are associated with astrocyte reactivity and dysregulation of bioenergetics and oxidative stress within dorsal hippocampal (dHipp). Rosiglitazone (ROSI) has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and metabolic regulatory properties that may mitigate AIE-induced neurobiological dysfunction. We therefore tested whether ROSI could rescue AIE-induced astrocyte and synaptic alterations and oxidative stress.

Male and female rats underwent AIE or H₂O exposure for 10 doses (5g/kg, i.g.). Animals then received 20 doses of ROSI or Vehicle. On PND 72, immunohistochemistry was performed on dHipp tissue to evaluate the effects of AIE+ROSI on oxidative stress (4-HNE, PPLN), astrocyte reactivity (GFAP), and tripartite synapse integrity. Imaging was performed using STED or confocal microscopy and analyzed with Synbot and Imaris.

AIE increased peripheral astrocyte process (PAP) proximity to inhibitory synapses and reduced proximity at excitatory synapses in the male dHipp, both of which were rescued by ROSI. In females, AIE had no effect on synaptic proximity. ROSI reduced oxidative stress in females but increased oxidative stress in AIE males. ROSI had no effect on GFAP expression in either sex.

These results indicate that ROSI influences AIE-induced astrocyte and synaptic remodeling in a sex-specific manner, highlighting astrocyte metabolic pathways as potential therapeutic targets for the long-term neurobiological consequences of adolescent binge drinking.

Aishlynn Egan, Dept. of Biology, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25414. Screening food plants for antibacterial activity to guide future testing of antibiotic synergy.

2026-03-06T15:06:37+00:00

In an age of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic synergy with commercial food products has the potential to enhance antibiotics effectiveness. The synergy between plants and antibiotics was viewed in a Fall 2025 teaching lab, where turmeric and streptomycin functioned synergistically to create a larger zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis. The objective of this study began to replicate the synergy we observed in a more controlled setting and expand to screening other potential antimicrobial plants. We have obtained a variety of commercial powdered/ground plants, which will be screened for antibacterial effects against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. These represent Gram positive and negative bacteria, two common human pathogens, and a species capable of endospore formation. Plant products were purchased from a reputable online vendor. Ginger, garlic, and turmeric were chosen due to their growth within soil where competition with bacteria is common. Cinnamon oil has previously been shown to be highly effective against bacteria in our laboratory and, as a bark, naturally participates in plant defense. Black peppercorn and cayenne were selected for alkaloid content, and cloves for phenolic acid, which are types of plant defenses noted for microbial inhibition. All of the selected plants are common homeopathic remedies. In the future, we plan to screen effective plant/bacterial compounds with a variety of common antibiotics to assess for any synergistic effects.

Role of oxyR in the Resazomycin Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

2026-03-06T15:38:27+00:00

The CDC classifies Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of gonorrhea, as an urgent public health threat due to its increased drug resistance. Out of the 1.6 million new gonococcal infections monitored by the CDC, over fifty percent are resistant to at least one antibiotic. Given a single dose of ceftriaxone is the only recommended treatment for gonorrhea and N. gonorrhoeae ceftriaxone resistance prevalence is on the rise, there is increasing concern that gonorrhea will become untreatable in the near future. Therefore, new antibiotics must be developed against this bacterium. Our laboratory has discovered that resazomycins exhibit bactericidal activity against N. gonorrhoeae. While the mode of action of these compounds has yet to be determined, we have shown the antimicrobial activity of resazomycins is reduced against N. gonorrhoeae in 2% oxygen compared to 20% oxygen. Moreover, the addition of antioxidants at 20% oxygen to scavenge and neutralize excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) also limited the activity of resazomycins against N. gonorrhoeae. Together, these data suggest ROS-mediated cellular damage contributes to the antimicrobial activity of resazomycins. Therefore, we are working to generate a mutant of the master regulator of the oxidative stress response in N. gonorrhoeae, OxyR. We will then evaluate the sensitivity of the oxyR mutant to different resazomycins using agar dilution and time kill assays. Determining whether oxyR plays a role in resazomycin susceptibility will elucidate whether oxidative stress contributes to the bactericidal activity of these antibiotics.

The Effects of Seasonality and Environmental Covariates on Two Heterodon Species

2026-03-06T17:20:17+00:00

Seasonal and demographic activity patterns in snakes are heavily influenced by environmental variables. Members of the same genus, such as Heterodon, may differ in activity patterns within the same site. This study focuses on the seasonal patterns kept by a population of H. platirhinos and an endangered population of H. nasicus in southeastern Iowa. Specimens were collected using drift fences, cover boards, and random encounter surveys. Morphometric and demographic data were collected for each capture, and environmental covariates were collected from local private (air temperature and surface temperatures) and public weather stations (precipitation, barometric pressure, humidity, and temperature). Statistical analysis reveals that both seasonality and environmental variables play a significant role in activity patterns and capture rates. Additional evidence suggests that the activity of both species can vary significantly based on the snake’s demographics and environmental variables. The results from this study show how seasonality and environmental variables affect both Heterodon species activity in a sand prairie in Iowa.

Contribution of perR to the resazomycin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

2026-03-06T17:11:47+00:00

Neisseria gonorrhoeae is of public health concern as one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted infections across the globe. Given the increasing prevalence of strains resistant to first-line treatment, it is of utmost importance to find alternative treatments for gonorrhea. Resazomycins are resazurin-based compounds that exhibit antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae. One resazomycin, resorufin pentyl ether (RPE), has been shown to reduce vaginal colonization by N. gonorrhoeae in a mouse model of infection. However, the efficacy of these compounds in vivo is limited as repeated administration of RPE was not sufficient to completely clear the infection in all mice. Determining the mechanism of action of resazomycins could provide insight into improving their effectiveness in vivo. It is hypothesized that production of reactive oxygen species contributes to the bactericidal activity of resazomycins. Supporting this hypothesis, resazomycins showed a reduction in antimicrobial activity against N. gonorrhoeae in 2% oxygen compared to 20% oxygen. Additionally, we have shown that the antimicrobial activity of resazomycins against N. gonorrhoeae is diminished in the presence of antioxidants like glutathione. In N. gonorrhoeae, PerRregulates Mn-dependent resistance to oxidative stress; therefore, we are generating a perR mutant to determine the role of this gene in N. gonorrhoeae susceptibility to resazomycins. Agar dilution and time kill assays will be conducted to assess the sensitivity of this mutant to various resazomycins. Understanding the contribution of perR to resazomycin susceptibility is essential to elucidate the role of oxidative stress in the bactericidal activity of these antibiotics.

Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Landfill Soil Microbiomes in Beckley, WV

2026-03-06T17:21:01+00:00

Antibiotic resistance is becoming a global concern, largely driven by the widespread use and release of antibiotics into the environment. This promotes the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant bacteria. ARGs are an increasing human health concern, as they have been detected in all environments, including natural and clinical settings, potentially limiting the effectiveness of antibiotics against human and animal pathogens. Our research investigates the presence of ARGs in a residential Municipal Solid Waste landfill. Landfills harbor distinct microbial communities and are considered hotspots for ARG proliferation due to bacterial inputs and horizontal gene transfer. These contaminants can potentially migrate through the environment via leachate, posing potential risks to groundwater systems and nearby waterways. We collected 15 soil samples from a clay cap layer at Raleigh County Landfill in Beckley, West Virginia, at depths of 0-20 cm. Environmental DNA (eDNA) was extracted from the soil samples and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify targeted gene fragments. Our results indicate the presence of several ARGs in the soil samples collected. Ongoing analyses aim to further identify and characterize these genes and evaluate their distribution within the landfill environment. As the development of antibiotic resistance continues to outpace new antimicrobial treatments, landfills may represent a significant source of ARG contamination, with potential implications and long-term threat to public safety and agricultural systems by facilitating the widespread dispersal of resistance genes across multiple environments.

Isolation and Characterization of Bacterial Contamination in Echinacea Supplements.

2026-03-06T18:41:34+00:00

Echinacea supplements are sold commercially at most pharmacies and grocery stores in the United States, advertised by labels stating they may boost immunity and kill infectious microbes. An initial study was conducted to test claims of echinacea’s antibacterial properties. Echinacea capsules, made from the aerial components of Coneflowers, were purchased from a local Pharmacy, dissolved in water, and pipetted into wells of TSA streaked with bacteria. To our surprise, we found unexpected bacterial growth in 14% of the 57 echinacea capsules tested. Eleven species have been isolated and cultivated for identification so far. Most species have been presumptively identified as members of the endospore-forming genus Bacillus. A search of existing literature found no studies conducted on the presence of bacterial contamination in echinacea products. However, another student in this lab found similar contamination from echinacea oil purchased from a different supplier, suggesting that future studies are needed to determine how widespread this kind of contamination is. This research illuminates the consequences of an unregulated dietary supplement industry. The presence of even harmless Bacillus species in commercially available products suggests improper processing protocols that do not kill endospore-forming bacteria. The current preparation of these echinacea capsules accepts the potential for pathogenic endospore-formers to make their way onto shelves to be sold and consumed.

Characterization of Enterococci species in Town Run

2026-03-08T10:27:53+00:00

Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that support the metabolic functions of the gut microbiome. As fecal coliforms, enterococci are found in surface water alongside other enteric bacteria like E. coli and Salmonella, indicating fecal contamination. Shepherdstown, WV is home to a surface water tributary called Town Run, designated as a water source for the public in the event of an emergency, such as a sewage spill. It runs through the town, emptying into the Potomac River. Current studies are exploring water-quality indicators and the abundance of bacteria at various sites on Town Run. Data collection began in 2022 and continues, allowing assessment of how these factors change over time. In this study, we characterize various enterococci isolated among the bacteria from Town Run. In brief, water from Town Run was filtered through -.45-micron filter paper and placed on Bile Esculin Agar. Colonies that hydrolyze esculin on this agar were isolated as presumptive Enterococci. Isolates were Gram stained to confirm a Gram-positive reaction, ovoid shape and chain arrangement. Finally, enterococci genus was confirmed using a previously published Enterococcus Agar (Identification of Enterococcus spp. with a biochemical key). A diagnostic key to identify species of Enterococci was created using colony color, fermentation of mannitol and other sugars, and motility. Ongoing studies are attempting to identify the species of each isolate and then screen for antibiotic resistance using a Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity test against ten common antibiotics, including vancomycin and kanamycin.

Examining the impact of road salt use on salinity levels in Town Run Tributary of the Potomac River.

2026-03-09T19:48:52+00:00

Several studies in recent years have found an increase in salt concentrations in urban water sources due to heavy road-salt use. These increased salt concentrations negatively impact water quality, aquatic plants and organisms, and could even negatively impact drinking water quality. Our lab has been monitoring conditions and microbial populations in Town Run, a small urban tributary in Shepherdstown, WV, since 2022. In this study, we sought to build upon this baseline history to determine the impact of road salt on this water source. The salinity of Town Run was monitored during a major snowstorm (January 25th, 2026) and subsequent melting period to observe any changes in salinity levels. Data was collected from six sites at different points along the stream up until water flow entered the Potomac River. Using Potomac River data from the USGS, we obtained additional information on the flow rate of the water during the data collection period. Although none of the six sites showed a major increase in salinity during the sampling period, this result is notable because salinity levels in Town Run have historically been extremely low or undetectable. Continued monitoring will help reveal how episodic events, such as road-salt runoff, influence small urban tributaries. Understanding these patterns is important for evaluating how urban activities may affect local watersheds and aquatic ecosystem health.

Effects of Stress on Cortical and Subcortical Circuitry in Two Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

2026-03-11T08:21:40+00:00

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that includes symptoms of social communication deficits, increased repetitive behaviors, and abnormal reactivity to sensory stimuli. An understudied phenotype in ASD is dysfunction of the HPA axis, and in the activity of stress-related peptide and hormonal signals. Increased stress reactivity has been linked to hyperactivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), which is regulated by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Therefore, I hypothesized that stress-evoked neuronal activity is elevated in the hypothalamic PVN and mPFC in ASD, contributing to stress-related phenotypes. In two established mouse models of ASD, Cntnap2 and BTBR, we sought to quantify the response of PVN and mPFC to acute stressors. One way we have measured activity of the HPA axis is by utilizing in vivo fiber photometry in the PVN and mPFC. After injection of a fluorescent calcium indicator and the placement of a fiber-optic cannula, we were able to measure real-time changes in neural activity during exposure to several aversive stimuli. Another way we have measured activity in neural populations ex vivo in the PVN and mPFC is by immunohistochemical assay of cFos activation post-stress. We have seen that stressed mouse models of autism have greater cFos activation in the PVN compared to their wildtype controls. Understanding the neural basis of abnormal stress response in mouse models of autism could help explain the observed increased stress reactivity in people with ASD.

Leadership and self-efficacy impacts of student participation in the First2 Network

2026-03-13T12:33:48+00:00

The First2 Network is working to generate compelling, actionable information on how participating institutions in WV and KY can improve the success of STEM college students. To do this, the network funds institutional teams to test and share high-impact practices that improve the graduation rate for undergraduate STEM students, with a focus on rural, first-generation, and low-income students. First2 Student Directors, contracted through High Rocks Educational Corporation and supervised by faculty or staff at First2 member institutions, support campus change initiatives and community-building efforts by working with institutional teams and the broader network to drive meaningful, student-led improvements in the STEM experience. They 1) create roadmaps defining their goals, responsibilities, and team contributions, 2) attend regular supervision meetings, 3) attend at least one in-person network-wide leadership event a year, 4) attend and contribute to institutional team meetings, 5) collaboratively define how student voice will be integrated into team work, 6) plan and implement at least one change idea per year 7) present a poster at the network conference, 8) participate in change idea coaching, 9) complete a transferable skills certification course, and 10) attend five STEM outreach or learning events per semester. In response to surveys administered at the end of each semester of service, a majority of students report an increase in leadership skills (leading a group, task management, communication) after participating in the above activities. The work reported here was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Award Numbers HRD-1834586, HRD-1834595, HRD-1834601, HRD-1834575, and HRD-1834569.

An investigation of in vitro tick feeding methods to evaluate the role of erythrocyte invasion by Francisella tularensis

2026-03-13T20:47:56+00:00

GILLIAN HARTZ & JOSEPH HORZEMPA, Department of Biological Sciences, West Liberty University, West Liberty, WV, 26047. An investigation of in vitro tick feeding methods to evaluate the role of erythrocyte invasion by Francisella tularensis

Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic bacterium that is transmitted by ticks and other blood-sucking arthropods. During infection of mammals, this bacterium invades erythrocytes and this phenomenon potentially enhances colonization of ticks following a blood meal. To further evaluate this possibility, we acquired and assembled a feeding system that was previously used to feed Dermacentor andersoni ticks. We sought to determine if this system could be used to feed D. variabilis ticks (a sister species to D. andersoni and a frequent vector of F. tularensis). In our hands, D. variabilis would not acquire a blood meal from this system. Another common vector of F. tularensis is Amblyomma americanum – The Lone Star tick. These ticks can be fed in vitro from glass capillary tubes. To evaluate the feeding of these ticks in vitro, rabbit erythrocytes were incubated with recombinant fluorescent F. tularensis LVS or mutant strains defective for erythrocyte invasion. Extracellular bacteria were removed by centrifugation, and the infected erythrocytes were used to feed Lone Star ticks using capillary tubes. Ticks were analyzed via fluorescence microscopy to determine the relative bacterial colonization. These studies are ongoing.

Derivatives of resorufin morpholinoethyl ether exhibit antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

2026-03-16T11:32:39+00:00

Antibiotic resistance is an urgent public health threat. The CDC estimates there are approximately 2.8 million new cases of antibiotic-resistant infections annually resulting in 35,000 deaths and billions of dollars in health care costs. The development of new drugs is imperative to combat this crisis and prevent the loss of additional lives from once “curable” diseases. Resazomycins, a novel family of antibiotics, have bactericidal activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Further characterization of resazomycins revealed the efficacy of these compounds is limited by interaction with serum albumin and reduced oxygen concentrations found within mammalian tissues. Therefore, we hypothesize novel resazurin analogs that maintain antimicrobial activity in the presence of serum albumin and low oxygen will have improved therapeutic efficacy in vivo. We identified one derivative, resorufin morpholinoethyl ether (R-O-mor), that exhibits these desired characteristics and made additional modifications of this compound. These R-O-Mor variants differ structurally by substitution within the morpholine ring: 3a contains a C–C substitution, 3b contains an N–C substitution, and 3c incorporates a S-C substitution. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using broth microdilutions to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each derivative. Compound 3c exhibited a lower MIC against N. gonorrhoeae compared to compounds 3a and 3b. These findings suggest that sulfur incorporation into the ring structure may enhance antimicrobial activity, potentially by altering molecular interactions with bacterial targets. Overall, this study supports continued investigation of the structure-activity relationship of resazomycins for development of novel treatments against N. gonorrhoeae.

When Measurement and Meaning Diverge: Revisiting Platymeria and Platycnemia.

2026-01-24T16:15:34+00:00

Across scientific disciplines, measurement persists despite gradual divergence between what is quantified and what is inferred, allowing interpretive assumptions to solidify into accepted meaning. Platymeria and platycnemia offer an instructive example of this process within osteological practice. Originally developed as indices of femoral and tibial shaft geometry, they continue to be cited and applied despite growing uncertainty about what their ratio values represent. While the measurements capture repeatable geometric variation, the biological, behavioral, and functional interpretations attached to them have been inherited rather than critically evaluated. As a result, the indices are treated as either implicitly meaningful or increasingly irrelevant, rather than as measurements whose interpretive limits warrant closer examination.

This study examines these indices as methodological tools rather than explanatory endpoints. Through a focused review of literature, the analysis traces how interpretive assumptions became embedded. Attention is given to points at which measurement, classification, and inference became closely aligned without explicit examination, allowing interpretive meaning to extend beyond empirical evidence. The analysis demonstrates that indices remain valid and informative measures of morphological and skeletal geometry, but their scientific value depends on clearly separating measurement from interpretation, thereby emphasizing construct validity and interpretive clarity. The results clarify how existing measurements can be more appropriately evaluated and applied, an approach that reaffirms the value of careful measurement and encourages renewed attention to what existing metrics capture, supporting more precise and defensible inference in future research.

The effects of fatigue on reaction time and landing force during a jumping task

2026-02-27T07:32:32+00:00

Fatigue may influence injury risk in athletes through alterations biomechanics, neuromuscular control, and reaction time (RT). The objective of this study was to examine the influence of fatigue on lower body RT and landing forces.

During this crossover study, fourteen healthy participants completed three RT tasks before and after a fatigue and control intervention. For all tasks, a computer monitor was placed in front of two side-by-side forceplates and randomly displayed a “left” or “right” facing arrow. The participants were instructed to jump to the forceplate that corresponded to the arrow as quickly as possible. Participants completed six single-leg tasks for the right and left leg, separately, and six double-leg tasks where the landing leg corresponded to the displayed arrow. The fatigue condition consisted of continuous vertical jumps until jump height failed to reach 80% of participant’s maximum jump height for three consecutive jumps. The control session consisted of a five-minute seated rest. Interventions were counterbalanced and separated by a one-week washout period. RT was the difference in time between the arrow index and onset of vertical force signal (>20N). Peak vertical force was normalized to body weight.

Separate, mixed-effects linear models were conducted utilizing post-test values, with condition and pre-test values as fixed factors and subject as a random factor. Peak landing force was significantly greater post-fatigue (1.92 xBW) compared to post-control (1.58 xBW) only during the double-leg task (P = 0.024). This finding suggests that fatigue influences landing forces, which may heighten the risk of lower extremity injury.

This project was facilitated, in part, by the STaR SURE Grant that provided research support for Ethan Vargo-Thomas.

Growth, age, and maturation estimates of Plains Hog-nosed Snakes (Heterodon nasicus) in Iowa.

2026-03-01T16:44:35+00:00

Understanding snake life history strategies, particularly growth and timing of sexual maturity, is critical for effective conservation management. The Plains Hog-nosed Snake (Heterodon nasicus), a state-endangered species in Iowa, remains poorly studied, and growth dynamics have not previously been quantified within the state. This study used mark-recapture methods to estimate growth rates of Plains Hog-nosed Snakes inhabiting a tallgrass prairie ecosystem in southeastern Iowa. Individuals were captured from 2018-2025 using visual encounter surveys and drift fence arrays with funnel and pitfall traps. Growth analyses revealed size-dependent patterns, with smaller individuals growing significantly faster than larger snakes. Females typically exhibited higher growth rates than males, especially between 30-50 cm SVL. Using published estimates of maturity size, we estimated that females reach sexual maturity at 40-46 months of age, delaying reproduction until their fourth or fifth active season. Males matured earlier, potentially producing motile sperm by 22 months and reproducing by their third active season. These results indicate delayed female maturation and relatively slow life-history dynamics, suggesting populations are highly sensitive to adult mortality. Because females require multiple years to reach sexual maturity, conservation efforts should prioritize the survival of mature individuals. Slow maturation also implies that population recovery following disturbance may take several years. This study provides the first growth-based maturity estimates for Iowa populations of Plains Hog-nosed Snakes and contributes demographic information useful for regional conservation planning.

Evaluating the Security Awareness and Code Reliability of AI Models Against Common Software Vulnerabilities

2026-03-02T09:06:19+00:00

This project explores how well AI coding assistants understand and handle software security, focusing on known vulnerabilities listed in the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) system. While these AI tools can speed up development, it’s unclear whether they reliably prevent security flaws. To investigate, I will test eight AI models—including free and paid versions—using consistent prompts across 11 critical CWEs, resulting in 88 experiments. Eleven of the most impactful vulnerabilities, such as Cross-Site Scripting, SQL Injection, Use-After-Free, Buffer Overflows, and Hard-Coded Credentials, will be evaluated in languages like JavaScript, PHP, C++, Java, C, Python, and Node.js. The AI-generated code will be analyzed and categorized as secure, partially secure, or insecure according to established coding standards.

Unlike previous studies that focus on single errors, this work takes a systematic, multi-vulnerability approach, offering insights into the safety of using AI in secure software development. The results aim to guide developers on integrating AI coding tools responsibly, especially in mission-critical fields like aerospace, where software security is essential.

Movement Ecology and Space Use of Western Hog-nosed Snakes (Heterodon nasicus) in a Heterogeneous Sand Prairie

2026-03-02T14:55:04+00:00

Understanding how semi-fossorial reptiles navigate landscapes is critical for linking behavior to environmental heterogeneity. Plains Hog-nosed Snakes (Heterodon nasicus) inhabit sand prairies where substrate, vegetation, and thermal conditions can vary sharply over short distances, yet quantitative data on their space use remain limited. We examined home range structure and movement patterns at Big Sand Mound Preserve in southeastern Iowa, a protected sand prairie characterized by well-drained sandy soils and heterogeneous vegetation. Snakes were tracked using radiotelemetry across multiple seasons. Home ranges were quantified using 95% Minimum Convex Polygons (MCP) and 50% Kernel Density Estimation (KDE). Movement distances and KDE centroids were used to assess seasonal trends and site fidelity. Home range analyses revealed substantial inter-individual variation. Females exhibited larger home ranges than males (mean MCP: 8.22 ha vs 3.09 ha), with standout individuals female one (20.42 ha) and female two (6.68 ha) representing the largest extents. Male ranges were smaller and less variable, with male one showing the largest male range (5.14 ha). Kernel Density Estimation mirrored the trends seen in MCP. Space use increased as the summer months progressed, and activity was sex-specific: females were more active in the afternoon, whereas males were more active in the morning. Preliminary analyses suggest moderate site fidelity, though continued tracking is needed to confirm long-term patterns. These ongoing results provide quantitative insight into snake spatial ecology in sand prairie systems and inform conservation of fragmented prairie landscapes.

Life History and Corresponding Maternal Behavior of the Little Brown Mudbug (Lacunicambarus thomai).

2026-03-03T06:41:52+00:00

The Little Brown Mudbug (Lacunicambarus thomai) and other primary burrowing crayfish species are often less researched due to difficulty of data collection and observation. Literature suggests that less than 39% of crayfish descriptions cover functional life history information that is necessary for future conservation planning, causing an unintentional conservation bias on present day efforts. To build upon lacking areas of literature such as growth patterns and maternal behavior and tolerances, 24 ovigerous L. thomai were brought into the propagation lab spaces. Daily observations of instar stage change and behavior were taken until instar four, also known as juvenile independence. We then separated juveniles from their mother and kept them in groups (hereafter referred to as cohorts) to collect standard weekly growth data after independence, as well as maternal tolerance after periods of separation. Average growth across the 98-day study was 0.11 mm/day, while the maximum growth rate for any cohort was more than double at 0.25 mm/day. Maternal females were highly tolerant to their offspring even after 30 days of separation. Understanding the standard rate of early life stage development, long term growth, and maternal interaction provides beneficial knowledge on how to implement varying care techniques into ex-situ propagation, such as separating cohorts into smaller groups or individual containers to decrease mortality, and when to expect offspring to reach an independent life stage. Developing a deeper life history understanding can lead to headstarting or propagation of primary burrowing species of concern as restoration actions become more necessary.

Updated Occurrence and Species Accounts of Crayfish in Southeastern Kentucky’s Upper Cumberland River Subbasin

2026-03-03T08:31:10+00:00

The southeastern United States represents the global center of freshwater crayfish biodiversity. The geological and hydrological heterogeneity of the Appalachian Mountain region creates ideal conditions for narrowly endemic species including numerous crayfish species. Kentucky, situated with the central Appalachia region, supports over 60 species of crayfish. In Kentucky, three large scale crayfish surveys have been conducted since Ortmann’s (1931) survey of southern Appalachian crayfishes; however, no study has focused solely on Upper Cumberland River subbasin. In response to this knowledge gap, West Liberty University’s Astacology Lab was tasked with conducting field surveys within the Upper Cumberland watershed during the 2024 – 2025 field season. These efforts produced a comprehensive species list, update distribution maps, and new species accounts for over 300 sites and 3,000 individuals within the region. Defining species occurrence and geographic range allows local and government agencies to allocate conservation resources more effectively. Historically, broad regional scale crayfish surveys have led to new species discoveries, undocumented range extensions, and taxonomic revisions within the Upper Cumberland River subbasin. Preliminary data collected by the West Liberty University Astacology Lab during the 2022 – 2024 field season have already extended the known ranges of at least 3 species of crayfish and revealed numerous taxonomic uncertainties within southeastern Kentucky.

Microbiome Variation in the Genus Heterodon

2026-03-04T07:59:48+00:00

An organism’s internal microbiome plays a critical role in survival, metabolism, and digestive health. While the microbiome has become a major focus in animal health and diet studies, reptiles are often underrepresented in this research. Snakes, whose body structures are shaped by prey preferences, may exhibit greater microbiome diversity among species than is seen in closely related mammals. We investigated the gut microbiomes of Heterodon nasicus and Heterodon platirhinos, two species co-occurring in a relic Sandhill prairie in southeastern Iowa. Both are typically considered bufophagic, but preliminary data suggest that adult H. nasicus specialize in turtle eggs. Using fecal eDNA, we sequenced samples with the Oxford Nanopore Native Barcoding Kit and analyzed data via Epi2me’s metagenomics workflow with Kraken2. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in bacterial beta diversity between species. No significant microbiome differences were observed between males and females, but juvenile H. nasicus differed significantly from adults, with no similar ontogenetic variation in H. platirhinos. Several bacterial genera were important in both species. Although beta diversity differed, alpha diversity did not, suggesting possible dietary overlap despite specialization.

A Mixed-Methods Study of Students’ Definitions of Science Based on Their Experiences with A General Chemistry Course

2026-03-03T15:04:28+00:00

This mixed-methods study examines how undergraduate students define science based on their experiences. Data were collected through open-ended interviews and questionnaires with 840 students enrolled in a first-semester general chemistry course (CHEM 1) in the Fall 2024 and Spring 2025 semesters. However, only 181 students completed both the pre- and post-survey administration and could be matched across time points. Students were asked about their definitions of science and items from the modified attitude towards science inventory (mATSI), which were used to measure students’ attitudes towards science. Six themes emerged from the data, which show the common patterns in how students defined and understood the topic we studied: ”study of everything/All things/life” ”exploration of the natural world”, ”discovery of knowledge”, ”science as a scientific process”, ”scientific as contributing to human life”, ”field of study”, and ”random”. Students who reported a positive change in their perception of chemistry, the most prominent definition themes were Exploration / How Things Work (52%) and Study of Everything / All Things / Life (48%).Overall, no pronounced association was observed between students’ definitions of science and the direction of change (positive, no change, or negative) in their perceptions of science after completing the course. Changes in students’ perceptions of chemistry were not systematically linked to any specific definition-of-science theme identified in the analysis. These findings suggest that the ways students conceptualize science may not directly influence shifts in their perceptions of chemistry within the course context. This study therefore provides insight for educators and researchers by highlighting that students’ definitions of science alone may not predict changes in their perceptions of the discipline. Understanding this distinction can support efforts to more intentionally design instructional strategies that cultivate broader awareness, engagement, and meaningful connections to STEM through chemistry education.

Exploring the relationship between religious identity and Sense of belonging in STEM

2026-03-03T18:11:29+00:00

Understanding how different groups experience STEM environments can reveal unique challenges and opportunities, informing strategies to create more inclusive spaces in the STEM fields. This is why this study examined the sense of belonging among students from diverse religious backgrounds. This study explores how students who self-identified as religious or non-religious experience a sense of belonging within STEM fields. To understand this, the study examined two forms of belonging: academic belonging, which reflects how confident and supported students feel in their learning experiences, and social belonging, which reflects how included and connected they feel with their peers and community. The study used a structured survey with Likert-scale items to measure participants’ sense of belonging. A quantitative approach was applied, and statistical methods were used to analyze the data to identify patterns, relationships, and overall trends.

Overall, both groups reported a relatively positive sense of academic and social belonging in STEM environments. However, a notable difference emerged in social belonging. Students who identified as religious reported feeling more socially connected than their non-religious peers. Further analysis reveals a statistically significant interaction between social belonging and religious status, as determined by multiple linear regression, indicating that the association between academic belonging and social belonging varies depending on individuals’ religious status. Specifically, the strength of the relationship between academic belonging and social belonging differs across religious groups.

These findings suggest that students, regardless of their religious identity, tend to experience a positive sense of belonging in STEM fields.

Targeted deletion of FTL_1711 to evaluate its role in erythrocyte invasion by Francisella tularensis

2026-03-04T11:32:03+00:00

Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic intracellular bacterium and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. Due to its low infectious dose and capacity to produce severe pneumonic infection, this pathogen has been categorized as the highest priority for national security and public health. Humans can acquire infections caused by this bacterium through exposure to blood-feeding arthropods and contact with diseased animal hosts. Prior research from our laboratory demonstrated that FTL_1199, a Fur-family transcriptional regulator in the Live Vaccine Strain, is required for efficient erythrocyte invasion. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that FTL_1711 is significantly downregulated in the ΔFTL_1199 mutant strain, associating this reduction in gene expression with reduced erythrocyte invasion. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that FTL_1711 contributes to erythrocyte invasion. To evaluate this hypothesis, a targeted deletion of FTL_1711 is being generated using a markerless allelic exchange strategy. DNA flanking the gene of interest was introduced into an unstable plasmid to facilitate homologous recombination, followed by I-SceI–mediated resolution of the merodiploid intermediate. Successful mutagenesis will be confirmed by PCR analysis. Construction of the ΔFTL_1711 strain will enable functional assessment of its role in red blood cell invasion and further define the regulatory network governed by FTL_1199. Funded by the National Institutes of Health, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (1R15HL147135) and an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P20GM103434) which funds WV-INBRE program.

Developing a new technique for tadpole measurements using a surrogate species.

2026-03-04T16:33:57+00:00

Many neotropical frog species, including Atelopus zeteki (Panamanian Golden Frog) and Atelopus varius (Variable Harlequin Frog), are threatened in South and Central America. The El Valle Amphibian Conservation Center (EVACC) in El Valle de Anton, Panama is instrumental in the ex situ conservation of these species and plans monitored releases of A. zeteki following further research. The first step was to develop a research methodology using Engystomops pustulosus (Túngara frog) as a surrogate due to its similar range, tadpole size, and clutch size. Three E. pustulosus clutches were divided among six tanks (20 tadpoles per tank). Tanks A1, B1, and C1 were measured three times weekly for six weeks, while A2, B2, and C2 were measured only at the start and end of the experiment. Tadpole length was measured by photographing individuals in petri dishes and analyzing images in ImageJ. When the tadpoles metamorphosed, snout-urostyle length, forearm length, and forearm width were measured using the same method. One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in total body length or in froglet morphometrics between tanks. These findings indicate that the methodology did not hinder tadpole development. With this validated approach, EVACC can now begin studies comparing indoor and outdoor rearing of A. zeteki, moving closer to successful reintroduction of the species to the wild. We would like to thank the EVACC foundation and Wetzel family for their support of this project.

Student and Instructor Perspectives on Implicit Metacognitive Reporting in Organic Chemistry

2026-03-04T18:37:57+00:00

Development of metacognitive skills is important to optimize student learning in chemistry. Many students have focused on explicit teaching of metacognition where metacognition is defined to students before prompting them to use it. Fewer interventions have investigated the effects of implicit student practice of metacognition. The current study seeks to examine the effects of frequent implicit metacognitive reporting of learning on exam scores, sense of belonging, metacognition, and motivation in an undergraduate organic chemistry 1 course. Additionally, this study seeks to uncover whether instructors value the metacognitive reporting as formative feedback. Student voiced effects of metacognitive reports on learning will also be examined from post-survey and interview data. Analysis of data remains ongoing. The results of this study will deepen understanding of how implicit practice of metacognition can aid student learning in chemistry.

Stress-evoked activation of corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in primary sensory cortex.

2026-03-06T11:52:38+00:00

LINDSEY MORAIS, AND MORGAN BRIDI, Dept. of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, WV, 26505. Stress-evoked activation of corticotropin-releasing factor neurons in primary sensory cortex.

Stress profoundly alters neural circuit function, yet the activity of stress-responsive neuropeptide systems within primary sensory cortices remains poorly understood. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a central regulator of the stress response and is expressed in cortical neurons, but its functional recruitment in sensory cortical circuits during acute stress has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to determine how acute stress modulates activity in CRF-expressing neurons compared with excitatory neurons in the primary sensory cortex. To address this, fiber photometry was used to measure calcium activity in vivo in CRF+ neurons and CaMKII+ excitatory neurons within the primary auditory (A1) and visual (V1) cortices. CRF-ires-cre and CaMKII-cre mice were injected with a Cre-dependent jGCaMP8m viral construct and implanted with optical fibers targeting A1 or V1. Neural activity was recorded during acute stress paradigms including tail restraint, tube restraint, and forced swim. Photometry signals were processed using ΔF/F normalization and event-aligned analyses. Acute stress produced robust increases in calcium activity in both neuronal populations at stress onset. CaMKII+ excitatory neurons exhibited a rapid transient increase in fluorescence that quickly returned toward baseline. In contrast, CRF+ neurons displayed a rapid and sustained increase in activity that persisted throughout the stress exposure. These results indicate that CRF-expressing neurons in the primary sensory cortex show sustained activation during acute stress, suggesting a potential role for CRF signaling in modulation sensory cortical processing under stress conditions.

Updated Range Extents of Cambarus monongalensis and Lacunicambarus thomai in Western Pennsylvania.

2026-03-05T09:28:49+00:00

Crayfish represent an important ecological role throughout diverse freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems within Pennsylvania. As anthropogenic threats such as agriculture, urban development, and invasive species introductions have only increased, the assessment of Pennsylvania crayfish taxa is imperative. The disjunct nature of primary burrowing crayfish may exacerbate the anthropogenic effects on populations. Previous large-scale burrowing crayfish collection efforts in western Pennsylvania have suggested that Cambarus monongalensis and Lacunicambarus thomai have limited distributions. This study aimed to reevaluate the distribution and conservation status of L. thomai and C. monongalensis. A total of 330 sites were sampled during 2024 and 2025 within the known range of both species. Of the 330 sites, there were 40 L. thomai historical sites and 37 C. monongalensis historical sites. Historical site localities were compiled from previously collected records, including unpublished sources, reports, publications, and museum collections. Suitable burrowing crayfish habitats such as wetlands, seepages, vernal pools, streambanks, floodplains, and roadside ditches were targeted. In addition, GIS landcover analysis was used to observe differences in confirmed presence and absence sites for C. monongalensis and L. thomai. Although the results of this study showed no significant changes in the distributions of L. thomai and C. monongalensis within western Pennsylvania, the information is important for the conservation of primary burrowing crayfish in the state.

Survey for the Eastern Musk Turtle (Sternotherus odoratus) in the Northern Panhandle of West Virginia

2026-03-05T17:52:09+00:00

In this study, we aim to identify the range and abundance of Sternotherus odoratus (Common Musk Turtle) in the northern panhandle of West Virginia. Musk turtles have not previously been documented in the panhandle, making this the first dedicated project on the species in the region. We will trap S. odoratus and other freshwater turtle species at various suitable habitats throughout the panhandle. Collapsible mesh minnow traps will be set weekly for five to seven consecutive days and checked daily. Traps will be secured to rocks or logs with paracord and anchored by inserting a plastic pole through the mesh into the mud. Traps will be baited with cooked buffalo chicken pieces placed in perforated jars and rebaited weekly. Captured turtles will be processed on the shoreline, with data collection including measurements of morphology, sex, and weight. All turtles will be marked with unique notch codes and swabbed via cloaca and mouth for disease screening. Although full survey efforts have not yet commenced, trapping will be well underway and data analyzed before the WVAS Annual Meeting.

Occupancy modeling of the Tumbling Creek Cavesnail and water quality analyses of Tumbling Creek Cave.

2026-03-05T18:30:17+00:00

Freshwater gastropods have the highest percentage of at-risk species in the United States, yet remain understudied, especially troglophile species. The Tumbling Creek Cavesnail (Antrobia culveri), endemic to a single cave in Protem, Taney County, Missouri, exemplifies this issue. In 1974, the population was estimated at 15,000, but by 2002, when A. culveri was listed as federally endangered, the estimate had dropped to 150 individuals. Previous propagation attempts have been unsuccessful, and little is known about the species’ life history. Current population surveys cover only 2% of the available habitat, likely underestimating true population size. This study aims to (1) develop an occupancy model for A. culveri by surveying the entire accessible cave stream; (2) analyze 30 years of water quality and population data to assess population responses to physiochemical parameters; and (3) collect life history information from both new and historical surveys. Results from this research are expected to guide more effective propagation efforts and address key criteria in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Tumbling Creek Cavesnail Recovery Plan, including stabilizing or increasing the population, monitoring contaminants, and collecting biological and ecological data.

Diversity and distribution of the fishes of Elk River, West Virginia

2026-03-05T18:52:50+00:00

The checklist of West Virginia fishes was recently updated to nearly 200 species. The number of fish taxa and that of native and non-native species differ among major drainage basins: lower Kanawha (107 native, 24 non-native species), mainstem Ohio (101, 20), Monongahela (84, 22), Little Kanawha (87, 10), Big Sandy (88, 6), upper Kanawha (32, 62), Guyandotte (79, 6), Potomac (34, 51), and James (24, 8). The high diversity of the lower Kanawha River is influenced solely by a single tributary, Elk River. In this presentation, we celebrate the Elk River’s species diversity, a number that exceeds 100 and includes 21 darters. The Elk River’s story of fishes is not final but ongoing. We discuss the history of fish collections, recent updates to the faunal list, and conservation concerns regarding predicted invasions of non-native species.

Ecology of the Western Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis proximus proximus) at an eastern Iowa sand prairie.

2026-03-05T20:47:10+00:00

The Western Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis proximus proximus) is a gracile, semi-aquatic natricid snake that ranges from Wisconsin to New Mexico. Previous ecological studies have focused on southern populations, largely ignoring northern populations. These studies have focused on the reproductive and dietary ecology, with limited emphasis on activity or population ecology. This study aimed to investigate temporal movement patterns and population ecology of T. p. proximus in a northern population. Data was collected from 2018 to 2025 from a relict sand prairie ecosystem with adjacent wetlands and forests in eastern Iowa. Population estimates were generated using the Schnabel and Schumacher-Eschmeyer methods. Analyses indicate that air and ground temperature may be more significant drivers of activity among different age classes than other environmental conditions. The active air temperature differed between young-of-year and other age classes, reflecting the higher summer temperatures when T. p. proximus gives birth. Individuals of undetermined age class tended to be found at higher ground temperatures. However, a low sample size among some age classes may skew this data. The large number of unknown individuals likely influences the dataset, as individuals were not reliably sexed until 2025. T. p. proximus were found clustered near bodies of water and areas frequented by surveyors, suggesting that they use both wetlands and edge habitats. Temporal movement patterns of activity in T. p. proximus are still not fully understood, and continued research into the ecology of this species can assist in the planning of future conservation efforts.

General ecology analysis of a Regina septemvittata population in North Fork Short Creek, West Virginia.

2026-03-05T21:02:05+00:00

Habitat fragmentation and destruction have caused queen snake (Regina septemvittata) populations to decline throughout their range. Despite being listed as critically imperiled in five states, imperiled in two states and Ontario, and vulnerable in two other states, information on specific populations is lacking. Research on a population’s behavior, morphometrics, diet, and natural history may give insight on regional variation, and allow the curation of conservation efforts with consideration of locational differences and proximity to urban environments. Queen snakes are cryptic and semiaquatic, making them difficult to locate, and thus not frequently or thoroughly studied. A queen snake population inhabiting approximately 4.5 kilometers of the urban North Fork Short Creek in Ohio county, West Virginia was examined from April 2018 until September 2025 for capture demographics, movement, growth, diet, and community. A total of 564 Queen snakes were collected, with 245 females, 236 males, and 83 of an undetermined sex. Visual encounter surveys paired with hand collection and metal wire minnow trap lines were utilized for snake capture. Passive Integrated Transmitter tags were used to identify recaptured individuals. Diet was analyzed through examination of 21 regurgitated prey items. Prey base was found to be 62% Faxonius obscurus (Allegheny Crayfish) and 38% Cambarus carinirostris (Rock Crayfish). Reaching a more detailed understanding of queen snakes both as a species and at a population level can illuminate conservation priorities, such as habitat requirements and prey species across their range.

Eastern Screech-owl surveys in the major physiographic provinces of West Virginia.

2026-03-06T07:53:36+00:00

Knowledge of species distribution and abundance in a given management region is critical for allocating conservation resources and making related decisions. While broadly abundant, information on the Eastern Screech-owl (EASO) in West Virginia is lacking, with no significant statewide survey work conducted for the species. To determine the distribution of EASO in WV, a survey was conducted using major physiographic provinces as study regions. Callback survey methods were used at a minimum of 50 points in each region, and points without responses were revisited once to confirm absence. Site selection was based on convenience and safety, with varied habitats being targeted across each region. EASO response time, behavior, abiotic conditions, and locality data were recorded for each point. Across 411 sites, 84.67% had at least one EASO response. Callback response time was 4.14 minutes ± 2.84 min. Results suggest that EASO is prevalent across geographic provinces in WV, and that future callback surveys may utilize a ten-minute call time when the goal is 95% detection of responsive owls.

Ontogeny of secondary sexual characteristics using morphometrics and urinalysis in premature Cranwell’s horned frogs (Ceratophrys cranwelli)

2026-03-06T08:03:04+00:00

Cranwell’s horned frogs (Ceratophrys cranwelli), also known as Pacman frogs, are commonly kept as pets in the United States due to their basic husbandry needs and charismatic appearance. Secondary sexual traits usually appear in frogs after sexual maturity, which occurs at about a year old in C. cranwelli. These traits include the presence or absence of nuptial pads, changes in the color and appearance of the throat, and the overall size of the frog. In C. cranwelli, females grow to be larger than males. This study aims to determine if there is any significant difference between developing males and females before sexual maturity. Every month, a variety of different physical traits are measured such as snout-urostyle length, head width, tympanum diameter, eye diameter, distance between the eyes, snout length, and thumb length. Urine is also collected to use in future urinalysis using enzyme immunoassays to measure concentrations of estrone, testosterone, and progesterone. Data is still being collected, and currently more data points are needed to prove significance. Any significant difference between the growth will allow breeders and conservationists to tell the sex of juveniles before they reach maturity. C. cranwelli data can also act as a proxy for threatened Ceratophyrs species such as C. stolzmanni and C. cornuta, in which propagation methods are vital for population survival.

Evaluating the Security Awareness and Code Reliability of AI Models Against Common Software Vulnerabilities

2026-03-06T08:46:35+00:00

For this project we explored how Large Language Models (LLMs) understand and handle software security, with us mostly focusing on Common Weakness Enumeration (CWEs). Today LLMs are commonly used for programming shortcuts and other common programming issues, this has led to many programmers relying on them in a professional setting. This could cause many security flaws which could be exploited. For this I tested 4 LLMs, including their paid versions, to test prompts that could be vulnerable to 18 different CWEs, resulting in 144 experiments. These will be testing CWEs such as Improper Authentication, Integer Overflow, OS Command Injection, and Insufficiently Random Values use, and will be testing them with languages such as C, Java, and Python. The generated code is then tested, analyzed, and categorized based on a rubric.

In comparison to previous studies, this study looks at a large set of security weaknesses and comparison in free vs paid account on these LLMs. These results aim to teach programmers and software developers how to integrate AI programming tools correctly, safely, and responsibility with any programming field.

Science Through Students’ Eyes: Connecting Definitions, Attitudes, and Chemistry Performance

2026-03-06T08:54:36+00:00

This study explores the relationship between students’ personal definitions of science, their attitudes toward STEM, and their academic achievement in a general chemistry course. Over 800 general chemistry students responded to an open-ended survey item asking them to define science, and their attitudes were assessed using a validated survey instrument. Final course grades served as a measure of academic achievement. We analyzed the connection between students' conceptualizations of science, their attitudes towards science and performance in a general chemistry course. This presentation will share key findings and offer recommendations for educators and curriculum designers seeking to improve STEM engagement, especially in introductory STEM courses, and outcomes by addressing how science is framed and understood by students.

Influence of Lights Wavelength and Exposure Timing on Cognitive Function in Zebrafish.

2026-03-06T09:46:56+00:00

The development of advanced technologies and widespread use of electronic devices has drastically increased human exposure to artificial light, leading to questions about what effects different wavelengths have on cognitive function. Blue light, which decreases melatonin production and increases alertness, is emitted from natural sunlight as well as from everyday electronic screens such as computers, televisions, and cell phones. In contrast, red light has been shown to have weaker effects on circadian rhythm disruption and melatonin suppression. This study examines how the timing of blue- and red-light exposure affects the learning and memory retention of zebrafish using behavioral learning trials. Previous research suggests that morning exposure to blue light may stimulate brain regions associated with learning and memory, whereas exposure in the late evening can disrupt circadian rhythm and melatonin production. Red light exposure, however, has been shown to minimize the suppression of melatonin production and may help with cognitive recovery. By comparing learning rate and memory retention in zebrafish exposed to different wavelengths of artificial light during either morning or evening hours, this study aims to determine whether the timing and wavelength of light influence cognitive function. The findings from this study will provide insight into how the timing and wavelength of artificial light exposure may influence cognitive performance and circadian regulation. This research was made possible by WV Higher Education Policy Commission, STaR Division.

A COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS ON EEG HEMISPHERIC SYNCHRONY

2026-03-06T10:19:10+00:00

Interhemispheric neural synchrony plays an important role in maintaining balanced emotional states. The goal of this study was to develop a computational framework to investigate how psychological distress influences hemispheric synchrony in EEG activity under varying conditions. Time-series EEG signals were recorded from participants performing five resting and active tasks. Data were collected from eight hemispheric channel pairs in 90-second segments, each corresponding to a distinct emotional state (e.g., anxiety, anger, depression).

EEG signals were segmented into two-second epochs following bandpass and notch filtering. Epochs exceeding a 250-microvolt threshold were rejected, and segments containing fewer than 20 valid epochs were excluded. The remaining epochs were categorized into theta, alpha, beta, and gamma frequency bands. Hemispheric synchrony was computed using ordinary coherence, imaginary coherence, and phase-locking value (PLV), with imaginary coherence used to account for volume conduction effects. Mean synchrony values were computed for each emotional state, channel pair, and frequency band.

Statistical analyses included mixed and one-way ANOVA with false discovery rate correction and Bonferroni-adjusted post-hoc tests. Linear regression results were interpreted using uncorrected p-values and meaningful R² values. Results indicated a strong association between depression and increased theta-band synchrony in central and parietal pairs. Anger showed broader effects in the alpha band across frontal pairs and in the theta band across frontotemporal pairs. Imaginary coherence revealed significant depression-related effects in the beta band at occipital pairs. These findings highlight the value of integrating PLV and coherence-based measures to better characterize EEG connectivity patterns associated with psychological distress.

Refining STEM Student Support Through Systematic PDSA Cycles

2026-03-06T12:30:05+00:00

Documenting the impact of STEM‑education initiatives can be challenging, especially when improvements are incremental and embedded in students’ daily academic experiences. Through NSF support of the statewide West Virginia First2 Network, our institution has centered its change efforts around a series of Plan–Do–Study–Act (PDSA) cycles designed to test, refine, and scale strategies that support STEM student success. This iterative, semi‑experimental methodology—commonly used in quality‑improvement work—provides a structured process for generating evidence, learning from each cycle, and adjusting subsequent interventions.

Using the PDSA framework, we have implemented multiple cycles targeting factors known to influence students’ sense of belonging and persistence in STEM. Across cycles, we have tested approaches to elevating student voice (e.g., structured reflection activities and student‑led feedback processes), enhancing student–instructor interactions (e.g., anonymous metacognitive reporting in chemistry courses, instructor panels, and targeted opportunity messaging), and strengthening peer engagement (e.g., peer tutoring models and chemistry outreach activities). Each cycle involves systematic planning, rapid testing within STEM courses or co‑curricular settings, analysis of resulting student and faculty feedback, and revision of the intervention for subsequent rounds.

This presentation will showcase how specific PDSA cycles have shaped the development, assessment, and iterative improvement of these STEM‑focused practices. Preliminary analyses indicate that repeated PDSA iterations are producing measurable benefits for students, instructors, and the chemistry department. Collectively, these results illustrate the value of PDSA‑driven, evidence‑based experimentation as a practical mechanism for continuously improving students’ experiences in STEM courses and majors.

Machine Learning Identification of Exoplanet Transit Signals in Kepler Light Curve Data

2026-03-06T13:20:55+00:00

The discovery of exoplanets has expanded rapidly over the past two decades due to large astronomical datasets produced by space missions such as NASA’s Kepler telescope. The Kepler mission continuously monitored the brightness of more than 150,000 stars, generating extensive collections of stellar light-curve data used to identify potential planetary transits. Detecting these transits involves identifying small, periodic decreases in stellar brightness that occur when a planet passes in front of its host star. However, analyzing large volumes of light-curve data can be computationally intensive and time-consuming when performed using traditional analysis methods.
This project investigates the use of machine-learning techniques to assist in the automated detection of exoplanet transit events within Kepler light-curve datasets. A neural-network model will be developed to analyze astronomical time-series brightness data and identify patterns consistent with planetary transits. Training data will be obtained from publicly available datasets within the NASA Exoplanet Archive, including confirmed exoplanet signals, stellar variability, and non-transit observations. The model will be trained to recognize characteristic transit features such as periodic brightness dips, transit depth, and duration patterns.
By applying machine-learning methods to astronomical time-series data, this research aims to evaluate whether automated models can improve the efficiency and accuracy of exoplanet candidate identification. This work highlights the growing role of artificial-intelligence methods in modern astrophysics and demonstrates how computational approaches can support the analysis of increasingly large astronomical datasets.

An Empirical Study of Nonconvex Optimization in Deep Learning

2026-03-06T13:31:17+00:00

This study examines how common training choices affect convergence and generalization in nonconvex deep learning. Models were trained on CIFAR-10 using ResNet-18, VGG-11, and a three-layer MLP while varying optimizer, learning-rate schedule, batch size, and weight decay. Each configuration was repeated across three random seeds and evaluated using training loss, test accuracy, generalization gap, and an estimate of Hessian trace as a measure of sharpness. The results show that adaptive optimizers reduced loss faster early in training, but SGD with momentum remained competitive in final test accuracy when properly tuned. Cosine annealing and warmup plus cosine schedules generally produced smaller generalization gaps than constant and step schedules. Increasing batch size was associated with sharper minima and worse generalization, while AdamW produced more reliable regularization than standard Adam under matched weight-decay settings. Overall, the study shows that optimizer and training choices strongly influence both convergence behavior and final model quality, and that careful tuning can matter as much as the optimizer itself.

Microhabitat Determinants of Nesting-Site Selection in Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata): Implications for Conservation Management

2026-03-06T15:01:55+00:00

Ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) exhibit selective nesting behaviors that may be influenced by multiple microhabitat factors. This study aims to identify and quantify the key environmental variables that drive nesting-site selection in this species. We will survey a previously established nesting ground, dividing it into block transects to systematically measure covariates such as soil type, thermal profiles, and plant community composition. After locating nests within the transects, we will categorize sites with and without nests and compare associated microhabitat variables using robust statistical modeling. The results will provide insight into the ecological requirements for ornate box turtle nesting and inform conservation management strategies.

A Study of Amynthas sp. Reactions to Climatic Variables

2026-03-06T15:57:19+00:00

Amynthas is an invasive genus of earthworm native to the Korean peninsula and many of the Japanese islands. It is considered potentially damaging to the native ecosystem via its detrimental effects towards soil quality, the competition with other species of earthworms, and its disturbance to animals which naturally feed on earthworms such as salamanders. Amynthas sp. are prolific breeders and can achieve high densities within forest soils. It has been proposed that populations of Amynthas are naturally damaging to soil horizons due to disturbing new plant growth. During the summers and falls from 2022 to 2025, population surveys were conducted in an area of West Liberty University’s campus woods community known to be infested with pheretimoid worms. These surveys included measurements of length, soil moisture, and pH, and were combined with collected climatic data from the National Weather Service. The Amynthas sp. growth rate, presence, absence, and clumping was compared to 19 different weather values including annual mean temperature and annual precipitation. Additional modeling was done using Growing Degree Days to determine the impact of the numerous summer droughts on Amynthas sp. to see if that’s the root cause of the decreasing Amynthas sp. presence. The data collected implies a relationship between Amynthas sp. temperature, and moisture that leads them to being a comparatively vulnerable invasive species. Amynthas is classified as an invasive genus of Megascolecidae, however it seems that in spite of their parthenogenetic reproductive capabilities their negative impact may be potentially curbed by climate change.

Positive emotion produces higher EEG hemispheric synchronicity of the brain.

2026-03-06T16:15:36+00:00

[Objective] Present study examined the association between emotional balance and EEG (electroencephalogram) hemispheric synchronicity. [Method] Twenty-three healthy volunteers (20.39+1.44 yrs.) filled out Spielberger-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory, Spielberger-Trait-Anger-Scale, and Maryland-Trait-Depression-Scale. Sixteen-channel EEG electrodes were attached based on International-10-20-Method, and participants experienced five experimental conditions: (Stage 1) rest; (Stage 2) mental-arithmetic, (Stage 3) autogenic-training; (Stage 4) stroop-task; & (Stage 5) relaxation-music-listening. Four coherence analyses were applied to EEG hemispheric pairs (Fp1-Fp2, F3-F4, F7-F8, T3-T4, T6-T6, P3-P4, C3-C4, & O1-O2) from the last 90-second-file of each measurement-stage, including: (1) ordinary- coherence based on cross-power spectral density; (2) imaginary-coherence; (3) phase-locking-value; and (4) sum-of-squared-differences. Mixed-Design-ANOVAs were applied by using High-Low-Trait-Anxiety, High-Low-Trait-Anger, and High-Low-Trait-Depression as between IVs and five measurement stages as within IVs while using coherence values as DVs. Multiple regressions were applied by using Trait-Anxiety, Trait-Anger, and Trait-Depression scores as predictors and coherence values as criterions. [Results] ANOVAs for ordinary-coherence and phase-locking-values showed higher coherence at alpha frequency band (8-13Hz) in relaxing conditions (rest and music-listening) than in stressful conditions (mental-arithmetic and stroop-task) at frontal lobes (F3-F4 and F7-F8) (p<.05). Multiple regressions for ordinary-coherence and phase-locking-values demonstrated that lower depression contributed to higher coherences at theta frequency band (4-8Hz) at parietal lobe (P3-P4) in relaxing conditions (rest and autogenic-training) (P<.05). Finally, multiple regressions for imaginary-coherence and sum-of-squares suggested that lower depression contributed to higher coherence at occipital lobe (O1-O2) (p<.05). [Discussion] Results suggested that higher EEG hemispheric coherences were associated with lower emotional distress, suggesting the possibility of EEG-hemispheric-synchronicity-feedback as a new form of clinical intervention.

Integrating Energy Conservation Across the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum: A Five-Year Teaching Initiative

2026-03-12T12:47:07+00:00

This project, now in its fifth year, continues our effort to weave the principle of energy conservation throughout the undergraduate mechanical engineering curriculum. Earlier phases focused mainly on heat exchangers and thermal systems. The current stage expands the approach to connect energy concepts across several core courses, including Dynamics, Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics I and II, Industrial Hydraulics, Aerodynamics, and Internal Combustion Engines.

The goal is to help students see the First Law of Thermodynamics and energy balance principles not as isolated ideas, but as concepts that appear repeatedly in different engineering contexts. In Dynamics, students apply the work–energy principle to analyze motion and mechanical systems. Fluid Mechanics and Industrial Hydraulics highlight energy losses and energy transfer in flowing fluids. Thermodynamics courses emphasize energy balances in closed and open systems and the efficiency of thermodynamic cycles. Heat Transfer focuses on conduction, convection, and radiation processes, while Aerodynamics and Internal Combustion Engines extend these ideas to aerodynamic performance and the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical power.

Across these courses, students engage with the material through analytical problem solving, laboratory activities, computational analysis, and course projects. These experiences allow them to connect theory with real engineering systems.

Student learning is evaluated through assignments, lab reports, projects, and brief surveys. Over several years, results suggest that revisiting energy conservation across multiple courses helps students develop a clearer and more lasting understanding of how energy principles guide engineering analysis and design.

Integrating Experiential Engineering Design into Middle and High School STEM Summer Camps

2026-03-12T17:41:25+00:00

This paper describes the design, implementation, and outcomes of several engineering-focused summer camps developed to strengthen STEM engagement among middle and high school students as well as teachers. The camps were offered during the summers of 2024 and 2025 and included the West Virginia GEAR UP program for middle school students, the STEM Camp and AcES Camp for high school and pre-college students, and both student and teacher camps through the Health Sciences and Technology Academy (HSTA). Each program introduced participants to fundamental ideas in mechanical and aerospace engineering through hands-on, inquiry-based activities that connected scientific concepts with real-world engineering applications.

Participants explored engineering principles through interactive projects such as gear mechanisms, hovercraft construction, AP bottle racers, and small aerodynamic car models designed with fins to study stability and drag. These activities encouraged experimentation, teamwork, and iterative design. Along the way, students examined concepts of motion, forces, and aerodynamics by applying Newton’s laws and observing pressure–flow relationships through demonstrations using Bernoulli apparatus, water flumes, and simple aerodynamic models.

Learning outcomes were assessed using both pre- and post-tests along with participant feedback. Results showed clear gains in students’ understanding of motion, forces, and energy transfer, as well as increased confidence in problem solving and teamwork. Teachers participating in the HSTA program also reported greater confidence in bringing similar hands-on engineering activities into their own classrooms.

Overall, the camps provided an engaging setting where participants connected theory with experimentation while experiencing the engineering design process firsthand.

Determining the Standard Metabolic Rates of Eastern Indigo Snakes (Drymarchon couperi)

2026-03-13T10:23:17+00:00

The Eastern Indigo Snake (Drymarchon couperi) is North America’s largest snake and is endemic to the southeastern United States longleaf pine ecosystem. While anecdotal reports suggest that this species has a higher metabolic rate than other snakes, no research has confirmed this. This study aims to analyze the standard metabolic rate of Eastern Indigo Snakes by measuring oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production using an open flow respirometry system. Airtight chambers sized for a single adult snake will be connected to a gas analyzer to monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels continuously. Trials will take place in a temperature-controlled room for eight hours per session. Oxygen consumption rates will be adjusted for the snake's mass and compared with those of other species. Insights from this research can inform the ecological understanding and conservation of Eastern Indigo Snakes, enhancing breeding, reintroduction, and captive care programs. The findings will also help optimize captive diets and predict how environmental changes and human-related stressors could impact this species.

An eight-year evaluation of a Terrapene ornata ornata Iowa population

2026-03-16T07:13:34+00:00

Ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata ornata) populations throughout their range have been documented as declining. The objectives of this study were to assess the population of a southeastern Iowa ornate box turtle population, collect standard descriptive statistics, and analyze measurements between different sex and age demographics. An ongoing Capture-Mark-Recapture study was conducted utilizing drift fences and visual surveys. Measurements of weight, carapace length, carapace width, plastron length, and shell height, along with sex and age, were documented. A total of 6,156 observations were made, with 1,970 unique individuals captured. A 1.56:1::Female:Male Ratio was documented. Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient tests were conducted and resulted in statistically significant positive correlations observed between weight and carapace length for adult males (ρ = 0.841, p < 0.01), adult females (ρ = 0.87, p < 0.01), and through their age distribution as a whole (ρ = 0.899, p < 0.01). Juveniles grow at a rate of approximately 0.038 grams per day. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Tests showed all adult morphometric measurements possessed a significant difference between sexes. Females expressed greater average weights, plastron length, and shell height. Males expressed a greater average carapace length and carapace width. In 2025, 948 individuals were captured, making this population the largest documented. This allows a basis for understanding healthy and typical body conditions for in-situ and ex-situ conservation work. Further studies conducted at this site can help determine future management and propagation protocols to aid other natural and captive populations.

Sustaining and Scaling STEM Student Success: Lessons and Future Directions from the WVU Tech SUCCESS Project

2026-04-02T11:59:39+00:00

The WVU Tech SUCCESS project continues to support the recruitment, retention, and graduation of low-income STEM students, building on steady progress over the past several years. The program currently supports 17 scholars. Cohort 1 graduated within four years with a 86% graduation rate (6/7), while Cohort 2 has reached the senior year and is stabilized at 10 students. Students have stayed actively engaged through career fairs, undergraduate research, entrepreneurship training, and leadership roles in IEEE and ACM student organizations. Industry exposure through plant tours, technical talks, and faculty mentoring has helped strengthen confidence and career readiness. We continue to gather feedback through surveys, focus groups, and regular interactions to guide improvements.

As we move into the final phase, we are bringing all results together. We are merging and analyzing data from both current and past S-STEM scholars to better understand student pathways, challenges, and outcomes. This work supports continuous improvement, including refining student support strategies and expanding research and industry engagement. It also builds on our previous presentations at the West Virginia Academy of Science over multiple years.

In our final publication, we will include student success stories to highlight the human impact of the program and to show why continued support through a Track 2 S-STEM project is needed. The next phase will expand participation across science and engineering faculty, increasing impact at WVU Tech, WVU, and in the local West Virginia community, while strengthening clear, accessible communication of program benefits through partnerships and Communiversity efforts.